show, respectively, the HRV of signal detected at À2 dBm, À7 dBm, À12 dBm, À17 dBm, À22 dBm, and À27 dBm. The STD of each of these HRVs is calculated and stated in Table 3. The relative error in the STD of the HRV, between the original signals and the smoothed signals, is 0.65% when the total output power is À2 dBm, 1.27% when the total output power is À7 dBm, 16.15% when the total output power is À12 dBm, 18.5% when the total output power is À17 dBm, 20.33% when the total output power is À22 dBm, and 20.63% when the total output power is À27 dBm. This demonstrates the ability of the proposed system to detect the heartbeat rate and the HRV at power levels as low as À27 dBm.
CONCLUSIONAt a distance of 1 m from a 27-years-old person, our system was used with the variation of two parameters: frequency and power. At a total output power of À10 dBm, the heartbeat signal was detected at several frequencies: 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 10 GHz, 16 GHz, and 60 GHz. As expected, higher sensitivity to small displacements is observed at higher frequencies. Operating at 2.4 GHz, the heartbeat signal was detected at À2 dBm, À7 dBm, À12 dBm, À17 dBm, À22 dBm, and À27 dBm. The ability to detect the heartbeat signal at a distance of 1 m with a total output power of À27 dBm can put forth new safer techniques for both patients and medical staff. For all performed experiments, the heartbeat rate, the HRV, and the STD of the HRV were extracted. Our system shows simplicity in terms of installation and incorporates the ability of tuning both frequency and power.Our future work will focus on determining the optimum frequency for the minimum possible transmitted power.ABSTRACT: Proposed within this document is a compact internal antenna intended for multiband operation. The antenna consists of two-pronged elements with two stubs and has a comparatively small volume of 16 mm  5 mm  1 mm. The measured return loss of the designed antennas was >10 dB for wireless broadband (WiBro), wireless local area network (WLAN), world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and satellite digital multimedia broadcast (S-DMB) frequency bands. A high-quality radiation pattern and a reasonable antenna efficiency were obtained within the desired frequency band.