A critical review of ginkgolic acids in<i>Ginkgo biloba</i>leaf extract (EGb): toxicity and technologies to remove ginkgolic acids and their promising bioactivities

Boateng, Isaac Duah

doi:10.1039/d2fo01827f

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Phenolics such as chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid are secondary metabolites in plants . Because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, they can be used as active ingredients in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. − Table presents the newest findings in the bioactivities and possible future applications of the chosen phenolic compounds extracted from plants. − Based on the information presented in Table , it is clear that current research focuses mostly on the medical application of phenolics in anticancer preparations. It is worth mentioning that phenolics have shown activities in the treatment of other civilization and neurodegenerative diseases.…”

Section: The Most Interesting Bioactive Compounds Extracted With Dess...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

Wawoczny

Gillner

2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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There is growing interest in reducing the number of synthetic products or additives and replacing them with natural ones. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries are especially focused on natural and bioactive chemicals isolated from plants or microorganisms. The main challenge here is to develop efficient and ecological methods for their isolation. According to the strategies and rules of sustainable development and green chemistry, green solvents and environmentally friendly technologies must be used. The application of deep eutectic solvents as efficient and biodegradable solvents seems to be a promising alternative to traditional methods. They are classified as being green and ecological but, most importantly, very efficient extraction media compared to organic solvents. The aim of this review is to present the recent findings on green extraction, as well as the biological activities and the possible applications of natural plant ingredients, namely, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, and some others. This paper thoroughly reviews modern, ecological, and efficient extraction methods with the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The newest findings, as well as the factors influencing the efficiency of extraction, such as water content, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor types, as well as the extraction systems, are also discussed. New solutions to the major problem of separating DESs from the extract and for solvent recycling are also presented.

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Section: The Most Interesting Bioactive Compounds Extracted With Dess...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

Wawoczny

Gillner

2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Ginkgo biloba contains many compounds with a unique structure that can be used in herbal medicine. These include, for example, terpene trilactones (ginkgolides), acylated flavonol glycosides (ginkgoghrelins), biflavones (ginkgetin), ginkgotides and ginkgolic acids [ 6 ].…”

Section: Phytoconstituents Of Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

2023

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Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018–2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.

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“…For that purpose, the primary liquid extract needs subsequent refinement steps splitting the phytochemicals into (multiple) waste streams and desired product, respectively. Current strategies to remove ginkgolic acids have been recently reviewed ( Boateng, 2022 ). Among the manifold of published process protocols, the major mass of commercially relevant products is produced by refinement methods based on three chemical principles which are easily scalable.…”

Section: Extraction Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

2022

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It is an often-neglected fact that extracts derived from the very same plant can differ significantly in their phytochemical composition, and thus also in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties which are the basis for their clinical efficacy and safety. The Ginkgo biloba L. [Ginkgoaceae] special extract EGb 761® is one of the best-studied plant extracts in the world. In the present review, using that extract as a paradigm, we describe insights how climate, the harvest region, processing of the plant material, the drying process, the extraction solvents, and the details of the subsequent process steps substantially impact the quality and uniformity of the final extract. We highlight the importance of regulating active constituent levels and consistent reduction of undesired substances in herbal extracts. This is accomplished by a controlled production process and corresponding analytical specifications. In conclusion, since extracts derived from the same plant can have very different phytochemical compositions, results from pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies gained with one specific extract cannot be extrapolated to other extracts that were generated using different production processes. We propose that the heterogenous nature of extracts should be meticulously considered when evaluating the efficacy and safety of plant-derived remedies.

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A critical review of ginkgolic acids inGinkgo bilobaleaf extract (EGb): toxicity and technologies to remove ginkgolic acids and their promising bioactivities

Abstract: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is high in bioactive components (over 170), which are used in food additives, medicine, cosmetics, health products, and other sectors. Nonetheless, ginkgolic acids (GAs) in...

Cited by 27 publications

References 76 publications

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

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