A goal-oriented characterization of urban waste

Material flow analysis of RDF-production processes

“…Tamaddon and Hogland (1993), Maystre and Viret (1995) and Otte (1994) have obtained similar results. The cadmium load (see Fig.…”

Methods for household waste composition studies

“…Gay et al (1993) have reviewed manual sorting characterizations studies and advocate the cost-effectiveness of using economic sales data for estimating solid waste generation and composition in a region. However, for example, Maystre and Viret (1995) at the Institute of Environmental Engineering in Switzerland, argue that using statistical information about goods, like the US EPA or Gay et al, is only applicable at a national level and that, because of varying product turnover times, the results will be too general. Rugg (1997), in accordance with Maystre and Viret, emphasizes a number of reasons for uncertainty in goods statistics.…”

“…Sharma and McBean (2007) used the sub-sample size of 136 kg (300 lb) and showed convergence in coefficient of variation for some primary components (plastics, metals, glass, inorganics, and households hazardous waste) after sorting five samples, and for paper and organics after 11 samples. Maystre and Viret (1995) found that the standard deviations for the proportion of 47 sorting categories remained nearly constant when the cumulated sample size increased above 300 kg when sorting each household's bin bags separately. Maystre and Viret concluded 300 kg was the minimum sample weight to give reliable data.…”

“…Maystre and Viret Maystre and Viret (1995) at the Institute of Environmental Engineering in Switzerland have applied sorting of waste samples in combination with detailed chemical analysis of each component, with the aim of tracking down the occurrence of heavy metals in household waste. …”

“…For example the national investigation reported in RVF (2005a) uses 20 primary components based on the Ordinance on Producer 38 categories defined with regard to the total MSW flow: in addition to bagged household waste i.e., civic amenity site waste, commercial waste, street litter, street sweepings, and bulky waste (for details see Burnley et al, 2007) (38) Burnley et al (2007) 47 defined products, packaging, etc. (for details see Maystre and Viret, 1995) (47) Maystre and Viret (1995) a Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). b 13 main components, but a minimum of 33 categories is recommended.…”