“…In order to improve the low frequency performance, chopper-stabilization technique has been widely used in the design of operational amplifiers [9,10,11,12,13], SDMs [14,15,16,17,18,19], etc. The basic concept of the chopper-stabilization is that the input signal is in low frequency domain, while the offset of the operational amplifier is modulated up to the chopping frequency which can be easily filtered out.…”