A Multi-Technology Communication Platform for Urban Mobile Sensing

Abstract

A common concern in smart cities is the focus on sensing procedures to provide city-wide information to city managers and citizens. To meet the growing demands of smart cities, the network must provide the ability to handle a large number of mobile sensors/devices, with high heterogeneity and unpredictable mobility, by collecting and delivering the sensed information for future treatment. This work proposes a multi-wireless technology communication platform for opportunistic data gathering and data exchange with respect to smart cities. Through the implementation of a proprietary long-range (LoRa) network and an urban sensor network, our platform addresses the heterogeneity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices while conferring communications in an opportunistic manner, increasing the interoperability of our platform. It implements and evaluates a medium access communication (MAC) protocol for LoRa networks with multiple gateways. It also implements mobile Opportunistic VEhicular (mOVE), a delay-tolerant network (DTN)-based architecture to address the mobility dimension. The platform provides vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication with support for highly reliable and actionable information flows. Moreover, taking into account the high mobility pattern that a smart city scenario presents, we propose and evaluate two forwarding strategies for the opportunistic sensor network.

Smart Agriculture Using IoT Multi-Sensors: A Novel Watering Management System

“…In Vietnam, agricultural production has transformed the country's socioeconomic status by alleviating national food insecurity, reducing poverty, fostering agrarian exports, and providing livelihoods to nearly half of the labor force nationwide. These are just some examples, since WSN is actively applied to various functions such as smart cities, waste management, and waste collection with LoRaWan technology [14][15][16]. Table 1.…”

An Aquatic Mobile Sensing USV Swarm with a Link Quality-Based Delay Tolerant Network

“…On the one hand, a pure replication protocol, such as flooding, uses high resources due to the broadcasting of the packets to all vicinity nodes, leading to high network congestion. On the other hand, a pure knowledge protocol requires high resources to process and gather the information, while maintaining an updated routing table [ 16 ].…”

“…The aquatic monitoring platform is a part of a larger city-wide architecture described by Almeida et al [ 16 ] and illustrated in Figure 2 . This platform contains heterogeneous elements, such as Data Collecting Units (DCUs), cars, bicycles, aerial drones and USVs.…”

“…USVs have a 64-bit Ubuntu Mate + ROS operating System, while the rest of the nodes carry a 64-bit Raspbian GNU OS [ 16 ]. LoRa communication is acquired with the SX12772 LoRa module and Multiprotocol Radio Shield manufactured by Libelium [ 32 ].…”

“…The modules with a star in Figure 4 are the ones shared with the setup in Almeida et al [ 16 ]. A detailed list of sensors used in the aquatic platform is presented in Table 3 , however other low-cost sensors could also be used [ 33 , 34 ].…”