A review on microwave-assisted transesterification processes using various catalytic and non-catalytic systems

Nayak, Sheetal N.; Bhasin, C. P.; Nayak, Milap G.

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.056

Cited by 100 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…In the current study, the microwave heat was rapidly released within the reaction media as a result from the rotation of molecular dipoles of alcohol (TMP) and PME. On the contrary, the previous conventional reaction involved a thermal heat reflux from the surface of the reactor towards the centre of the reaction mixture, where the reaction took a longer time due to the heat loss to surrounding 39 , 40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An acceleration of microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester into trimethylolpropane ester

Aziz

Yunus

Hamid

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Microwave-assisted synthesis is known to accelerate the transesterification process and address the issues associated with the conventional thermal process, such as the processing time and the energy input requirement. Herein, the effect of microwave irradiation on the transesterification of palm oil methyl ester (PME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP) was evaluated. The reaction system was investigated through five process parameters, which were reaction temperature, catalyst, time, molar ratio of TMP to PME and vacuum pressure. The yield of TMP triester at 66.9 wt.% and undesirable fatty soap at 17.4% were obtained at 130 °C, 10 mbar, sodium methoxide solution at 0.6 wt.%, 10 min reaction time and molar ratio of TMP to PME at 1:4. The transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester to trimethylolpropane ester was 3.1 folds faster in the presence of microwave irradiation. The total energy requirement was markedly reduced as compared to the conventional heating method. The findings indicate that microwave-assisted transesterification could probably be an answer to the quest for a cheaper biodegradable biolubricant.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An acceleration of microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester into trimethylolpropane ester

Aziz

Yunus

Hamid

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The results showed that, upon fixing the yield of biodiesel, a general decrease of the energy consumption and process time were obtained using the microwave heating technique in comparison with the corresponding conventional heating processes. Some reported examples discuss the microwave-assisted transesterification of (i) palm oil in presence of CH 3 ONa catalyst (it required 0.486 MJ energy compared to 11 MJ for a 99% yield of biodiesel, in only 3 min instead of 60) using, (ii) soybean oil using a load of 15 wt% of ZrO 2 supported on a bamboo leaf as heterogeneous catalyst (the same yield of 96% was obtained, but the required time was 1/3), and (iii) soybean oil and oleic acid with the use of 5 wt% sulfated ZrO 2 (the reduction of the reaction time from 130 to 20 min and of the energy consumption up to 67% was obtained) [270]. In this process, the purification of the final product, besides being energy intensive, is mandatory: the heterogeneous catalyst is tenderly preferred to homogeneous catalyst, since the first is easily separable and more reusable than the latter.…”

Section: Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The authors reported an energy consumption of 0.075 kWh and 0.227 kWh in the microwave-assisted and conventional heating, respectively. A very interesting review on the microwave-assisted transesterification processes was written by Nayak et al [270]. The authors reviewed several research papers, both on catalyzed and non-catalyzed transesterification processes, in which different biomasses were used as the raw material.…”

Section: Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwaves and Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review on Selected Catalytic Processes

et al. 2020

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Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO 2 ) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.A chemical process is conventionally energized by means of conductive heating with a steam boiler as a typical heat source. Nevertheless, a large variety of other forms of energy can be applied for PI, including ultrasounds (for reactions or crystal nucleation), light (in photocatalytic processes), electric fields (in extraction or for orientation of molecules), or microwaves. The microwave (dielectric) heating of materials has been known for a long time, and microwave ovens have been developed from more than 60 years. The studies by Gedye et al. in 1986 and 1988 [3,4] opened a period of very intensive investigation of the microwave effects on chemical reactions in homogeneous systems. Since then, hundreds of research papers have been published, and research has also expanded toward heterogeneous catalysis and its related chemical processes. This review gives an overview of the application of microwave technology to heterogeneous catalysis, including various chemical processes, as well as to the preparation of catalysts.

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“…Microwave irradiation directly heats the fluid instead of convection and conduction, hence it prevents heat loss, uneven heating, and energy losses (216). Microwave-assisted transesterification influences the dielectric properties of a blend containing a polar and ionic compound of oil and solvents facilitating fast intermolecular blending and quick transformation of oil into biodiesel.…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This drawback can be overcome by using of microwave source with higher frequency, higher power reactor, or effective substrate stirring (218). Moreover, the efficiency of the process varies when microwave irradiation used with different homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic systems (216). Immobilized enzymes can be used at temperature 80-100°C without reducing their activity and stability, and can be used in microwave heating biodiesel production (219).…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The advances and limitations in biodiesel production: feedstocks, oil extraction methods, production, and environmental life cycle assessment

Pikula

Zakharenko

Stratidakis

et al. 2020

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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Although fossil fuels remain the main source of energy, the volume of renewable sources of energy is constantly increasing. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel due to the number of advantages compared to fossil fuel and other types of biofuel. The specific objective of this study was to identify the difference between conventional and novel technologies applied during the whole life cycle of biodiesel production and consumption. The study offers some important insights into the recent advances in the biodiesel industry including biodiesel production from microalgal lipids, advanced homogenous and enzymatic transesterification, non-catalytic supercritical transesterification, application of microwave and ultrasound assisting technologies. Considering all the factors affecting the efficiency and safety of the biodiesel production process, here we reviewed the main principals and recent achievements in the environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production and consumption.

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A review on microwave-assisted transesterification processes using various catalytic and non-catalytic systems

Cited by 100 publications

References 174 publications

An acceleration of microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester into trimethylolpropane ester

An acceleration of microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil-based methyl ester into trimethylolpropane ester

Microwaves and Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review on Selected Catalytic Processes

The advances and limitations in biodiesel production: feedstocks, oil extraction methods, production, and environmental life cycle assessment

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