A similar pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance is present in the airways of competitive athletes and non-exercising asthmatics

Kurowski, Marcin; Jurczyk, Janusz; Olszewska-Ziąber, A; Jarzębska, Marzanna; Krysztofiak, Hubert; Kowalski, Marek L.

doi:10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.004

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A more recent longitudinal study of female cross-country skiers over the course of a training season reported an increase in sputum eosinophils and lymphocytes between the beginning of the training year (late spring) and the peak of the winter competitive ski season (Kennedy et al, 2016). A mixed cohort of speed skaters and swimmers also presented with a similar inflammatory cytokine profile in exhaled breath condensate as that seen in asthmatics (Kurowski et al, 2018b). Furthermore, baseline TNF-α in exhaled breath condensate was positively correlated with percentage decreases in FEV 1 following exercise challenge for both athletes during a hard training period and asthmatic subjects (Kurowski et al, 2018b).…”

Section: Effects Of Cold Dry Air On Airway Inflammatory Responsesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Exercise in Sub-zero Temperatures and Airway Health: Implications for Athletes With Special Focus on Heat-and-Moisture-Exchanging Breathing Devices

Hanstock

Ainegren

Stenfors

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Asthma is highly prevalent among winter endurance athletes. This “occupational disease” of cross-country skiers, among others, was acknowledged during the 1990s, with the pathogenesis attributed to repeated and prolonged exposure to cold, dry air combined with high rates of ventilation during exercise. Nevertheless, more than 25 years later, the prevalence of asthma among Scandinavian cross-country skiers is unchanged, and prevention remains a primary concern for sports physicians. Heat-and-moisture-exchanging breathing devices (HMEs) prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with pre-existing disease and may have potential as a preventative intervention for healthy athletes undertaking training and competition in winter endurance sports. Herein we firstly provide an overview of the influence of temperature and humidity on airway health and the implications for athletes training and competing in sub-zero temperatures. We thereafter describe the properties and effects of HMEs, identify gaps in current understanding, and suggest avenues for future research.

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Section: Effects Of Cold Dry Air On Airway Inflammatory Responsesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Exercise in Sub-zero Temperatures and Airway Health: Implications for Athletes With Special Focus on Heat-and-Moisture-Exchanging Breathing Devices

Hanstock

Ainegren

Stenfors

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…However, NLF changes tend to subside in swimmers shortly after training cessation or introduction of protective measures, such as nose clip 46 . In the study 42 involving swimmers and speed skaters, TNF-α concentrations in nasal secretions were similar between athletes, asthmatics and healthy controls. However, IL-1ra levels in upper airways were higher in athletes and asthmatics than healthy subjects.…”

Section: Respiratory Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…These inflammatory changes did not seem, however, to correlate with BHR. A study carried out in a mixed population of competitive athletes including mostly non-asthmatic swimmers and speed skaters indicated that the baseline pattern of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-1ra concentrations in the lower airways appear to be similar in top level athletes and asthmatic patients, but different in healthy controls 42 .…”

Section: Respiratory Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools: Position Paper

Couto¹,

Bernard²,

Delgado³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming-pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination by-products (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since they have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations. The higher the concentration of these volatile CBPs in the water, the higher their concentration in the air above the pool, and different routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming-pools (water ingestion, skin absorption and inhalation) contribute to the individual exposome. CBPs may affect the respiratory and skin health of those who stay indoor for long periods, such as swimming instructors, pool staff, and competitive swimmers. Whether those who use chlorinated-pools as customers, particularly children, may also be affected has been a matter of debate. In this article, the EAACI Joint Task Force of the Working Group of Allergy, Asthma & Sports and the Interest Groupf of Environmental & Occupational Allergy discusses the current evidence regarding the health effects of both acute and chronic exposures in different populations (work-related exposures, intensive sports and recreational attendance) and identify the main recommendations and unmet needs for research in this area.

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“…It was reported that in endurance sport, change of membrane integrity and migration of inflammatory cells result in higher prevalence of upper respiratory tract infection [24]. Likewise, other inflammatory mediators in the upper airway, such as TNF-α and IL-1ra, have shown differential expression in competitive athletes and healthy controls [14]. These findings imply that professional athletes (or others) who indulge in prolonged exercise programs may deviate in their immune responses, thus altering defense mechanisms against upper airway infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In airways, the mechanical stress of labored breathing during exercise may damage epithelial cells and promote the release of mediators that induce inflammatory reactions [12,13]. It has been reported that unlike healthy controls, exercise prompted a slight increase in HSPs of exhaled breath condensates produced by athletes [14]. Furthermore, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and IL-16 in exhaled breath condensates of children faced with positive exercise challenges (vs unchallenged counterparts) have proven to be significantly higher [15]; and in sputum of elite athletes (vs controls), measured baseline levels of uric acid, high-mobility group box-1, and IL-8 mRNA have been significantly higher [12].…”

Section: Ivyspringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Nasal Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 27 and 70 by Aerobic Exercise: A Preliminary Study

Min

Kang

et al. 2020

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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Purpose: Exercise modifies airway immune responses and susceptibility to infection. We investigated the effects of exercise on two HSPs (heat shock proteins), quantifying expression levels in nasal mucosa of both professional competitive athletes and non-athletes for comparison. Method: We used western blot technique to determine expression levels of HSPs in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). Nasal lavage (NAL) fluids were collected from 12 male professional volley ball players and 6 healthy males pre-submaximal exercise (running for 30 min at 70-80% of maximal heart rate) and post-submaximal exercise. Expression levels of HSP27, HSP70, Interleukin (IL)-8, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in NAL fluids were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and difference of the level between pre-submaximal exercise and post-submaximal exercise was statistically analyzed. Antibacterial assay using Staphylococcus aureus was performed to assess the immunological role of HSPs in NAL fluids. Results:. In non-athlete controls, HSP27, HSP70, and IL-8 were unchanged after exercise. In the professional athletes, HSP70 expression was declined significantly (p<0.05), but HSP27 was not significantly changed. IL-8 and TNF-α did not show significant difference, either. By antibacterial assay, it was found that the number of active bacterial populations were influenced by the presence or absence of HSP27 and HSP70 in NAL fluids. Conclusion: HSP27 and HSP70 were present in NAL fluids of enrolled subjects, and the effect of exercise on the level HSPs was different between professional athletic competitors and non-athletes. As the number of active bacterial population was influenced by the presence or absence of nasal HSP27 and HSP70, we suggest that HSP27 and HSP70 may play immunological function in NAL fluids.

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A similar pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance is present in the airways of competitive athletes and non-exercising asthmatics

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Exercise in Sub-zero Temperatures and Airway Health: Implications for Athletes With Special Focus on Heat-and-Moisture-Exchanging Breathing Devices

Exercise in Sub-zero Temperatures and Airway Health: Implications for Athletes With Special Focus on Heat-and-Moisture-Exchanging Breathing Devices

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools: Position Paper

Differential Nasal Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 27 and 70 by Aerobic Exercise: A Preliminary Study

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