A theory of color barcodes

Bagherinia, Homayoun; Manduchi, Roberto

doi:10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130335

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As described in [3], the probability of decoding error for B bits, assuming the decoding errors for the individual colors in the barcode are statistically independent events, is:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate and compare the performance of our algorithm with the minimum distance method, we define the empirical probability of decoding error P (p) for each patch size p (number of pixels per patch) as described in [3]. P (p) is defined as the number of color patches, which were incorrectly decoded, divided by the number of the barcode images (with the same patch size), and by the number of color patches in the barcode (312).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bagherinia and Manduchi [3] showed a study of the variation of small groups of printed colors and modeled their evolution due to changing illuminant using a low-dimensional linear subspace by using large number of colors (N = 24). Their method classifies the colors without using reference colors.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel approach for color barcode decoding using smart phones

Bagherinia

Manduchi

2014

2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

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The use of colors increases the information storage capacities in barcodes. Increasing the number of colors to encode information makes the decoding a challenging task due to the dependency of the surface color on the illuminant spectrum, viewing parameters, printing device and material, color fading in addition to other nuisance parameters. A popular solution is the use of a color palette of reference colors printed with barcode. The decoding becomes more challenging if a mobile phone as a decoding device is used due to the capture of images from different distances as well as angles. In addition, the barcode images are often blurry because of incorrect focus or camera shake. We present an iterative decoding algorithm that decodes the colors of all barcode patches across the barcode by minimizing the overall observation error. Our method is able to decode colors in presence of blur using a small number of colors yet ensuring high information density.Index Terms-Color barcode decoding, color mixing, blur problem

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“…As described in [3], the probability of decoding error for B bits, assuming the decoding errors for the individual colors in the barcode are statistically independent events, is:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel approach for color barcode decoding using smart phones

Bagherinia

Manduchi

2014

2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

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“…Fiducials are popular in a variety of fields, such as robotics and augmented reality [43], [2], [48], [63], [15], [47], [30]. Recent work has extended these, allowing both active and multispectral fiducials [14], [40], [6]. Locating fiducials can be implemented by applying a large number of filters to a conventionally captured image.…”

Section: Miniaturized Optics For Fiducial Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Wide-Angle Microvision Sensors

Koppal

Gkioulekas

Young

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.

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Achieving computer vision on microscale devices is a challenge. On these platforms, the power and mass constraints are severe enough for even the most common computations (matrix manipulations, convolution, etc.) to be difficult. This paper proposes and analyzes a class of miniature vision sensors that can help overcome these constraints. These sensors reduce power requirements through template-based optical convolution, and they enable a wide field-of-view within a small form through a refractive optical design. We describe the tradeoffs between the field-of-view, volume, and mass of these sensors and we provide analytic tools to navigate the design space. We demonstrate milliscale prototypes for computer vision tasks such as locating edges, tracking targets, and detecting faces. Finally, we utilize photolithographic fabrication tools to further miniaturize the optical designs and demonstrate fiducial detection onboard a small autonomous air vehicle.

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“…However, the use of colors for encoding poses challenges in the presence of inevitable tonal variations in the print and capture processes which cause changes in the colors and, to make decoding feasible, usually require part of the barcode realestate to be devoted to estimating parameters associated with the variations 1 [15]- [17]. Recently, [18] postulated that it is also feasible to reliably distinguish colors without a reference palette. The strategies that the proposed color barcode designs adopt for handling the print and capture variations in color also make them sensitive to lighting variations and to interseparation misregistration which can change the color of small shapes and impact the performance of the color barcodes [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Per-Colorant-Channel Color Barcodes for Mobile Applications: An Interference Cancellation Framework

Blasinski

Bulan

Sharma

2013

IEEE Trans. on Image Process.

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Abstract-We propose a color barcode framework for mobile phone applications by exploiting the spectral diversity afforded by the cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) print colorant channels commonly used for color printing and the complementary red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels, respectively, used for capturing color images. Specifically, we exploit this spectral diversity to realize a three-fold increase in the data rate by encoding independent data in the C, M, and Y print colorant channels and decoding the data from the complementary R, G, and B channels captured via a mobile phone camera. To mitigate the effect of cross-channel interference among the printcolorant and capture color channels, we develop an algorithm for interference cancellation based on a physically-motivated mathematical model for the print and capture processes. To estimate the model parameters required for cross-channel interference cancellation, we propose two alternative methodologies: a pilot block approach that uses suitable selections of colors for the synchronization blocks and an expectation maximization approach that estimates the parameters from regions encoding the data itself. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework using specific implementations of the framework for two of the most commonly used barcodes in mobile applications, QR and Aztec codes. Experimental results show that the proposed framework successfully overcomes the impact of the color interference, providing a low bit error rate and a high decoding rate for each of the colorant channels when used with a corresponding error correction scheme.

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A theory of color barcodes

Cited by 34 publications

References 12 publications

A novel approach for color barcode decoding using smart phones

A novel approach for color barcode decoding using smart phones

Toward Wide-Angle Microvision Sensors

Per-Colorant-Channel Color Barcodes for Mobile Applications: An Interference Cancellation Framework

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