A toxicity and hazard assessment of fourteen pharmaceuticals to Xenopus laevis larvae

Richards, Sean; Cole, Shaun E.

doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0102-4

Cited by 108 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Aromatase is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of T to E2 in steroidogenic pathways. Apart from the possible gonadal endocrine-disrupting activity of ibuprofen, exposure of X. laevis larvae to concentrations ranging between 30.7 and 39.9 mg/L leads to malformations in the development of these larvae, indicating teratogenic effects of ibuprofen as well (Richards and Cole, 2006).…”

Section: Endocrine Disruption Of Detected Pharmaceutical Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: <i>Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) in South African surface waters</i>

Archer

Wolfaardt

Wyk

2017

WSA

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Globally, water resources are under constant threat of being polluted by a diverse range of man-made chemicals, and South Africa is no exception. These contaminants can have detrimental effects on both human and wildlife health. It is increasingly evident that several chemicals may modulate endocrine system pathways in vertebrate species, and these are collectively referred to as endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs). Although the endocrine-disrupting effect of water pollutants has been mainly linked to agricultural pesticides and industrial effluents, other pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are largely unnoticed, but also pose a potentially significant threat. Here we present for the first time in a South African context, a summarised list of PPCPs and other EDCs detected to date within South African water systems, as well as their possible endocrine-disrupting effect in-vitro and in-vivo. This review addresses other factors which should be investigated in future studies, including endocrine disruption, PPCP metabolites, environmental toxicology, and antibiotic resistance. The challenges of removing EDCs and other pollutants at South African wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) are also highlighted. The need for focused research involving both in-vitro and in-vivo studies to detect PPCPs in water systems, and to delineate adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) of priority PPCPs to aid in environmental impact assessment (EIA), are discussed.

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Section: Endocrine Disruption Of Detected Pharmaceutical Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: <i>Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) in South African surface waters</i>

Archer

Wolfaardt

Wyk

2017

WSA

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“…The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96-hr whole-embryo developmental toxicity test that uses late blastulastage Xenopus embryos to measure the effects of chemicals on mortality, malformation, and growth inhibition (Courchesne and Bantle, 1985). FETAX has been used for many years as a screening assay to identify potential human teratogens, toxic compounds, and ecological hazards as demonstrated by two recent examples, where human pharmaceuticals and an antimalarial drug were assessed (Richards and Cole, 2006;Longo et al, 2008). The advantages of FETAX include its speed and low cost.…”

Section: Assessing Toxicity and Teratogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish and Xenopus

Wheeler

Brändli

2009

Developmental Dynamics

159

131

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Chemical genetics uses small molecules to modulate protein function and, in principle, has the potential to perturb any biochemical event in a complex cellular context. The application of chemical genetics to dissect biological processes has become an attractive alternative to mutagenesis screens due to its technical simplicity, inexpensive reagents, and low-startup costs. In vertebrates, only fish and amphibians are amenable to chemical genetic screens. Xenopus frogs share a long evolutionary history with mammals and so represent an excellent model to predict human biology. In this review, we discuss the lessons learned from chemical genetic studies carried out in zebrafish and Xenopus. We highlight how Xenopus can be employed as a convenient first-line animal model at various stages of the drug discovery and development process and comment on how they represent much-needed tools to bridge the gap between traditional in vitro and preclinical mammalian assays in biomedical research and drug development. Developmental

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“…There exists only a small number of reports dealing with the toxic effects of xenobiotics on amphibians in different developmental stages (Pauli et al 2000;Richards and Cole 2006;Gungordu et al 2010) and according to our knowledge, there are no data on the embryotoxicity and teratogenity of 2-phenoxyethanol or clove oil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil anaesthetics using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

Vršková¹,

Modrá²

2012

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The developmental toxicity of two anaesthetics, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil, used in aquaculture was evaluated using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) and the results were compared to outcomes in fish. Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to 50, 100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 mg/l of 2-phenoxyethanol or 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l of clove oil. Values of 96 h LC50, 96 h EC50 (malformation) and teratogenic index (ratio of 96 h LC50 and 96 h EC50) were determined and the types and severities of the induced malformations and minimal concentration inhibiting the growth of embryos were estimated. Teratogenic index values for 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil were estimated at 1.69 and 0.61 respectively. The most frequently observed malformations produced by 2-phenoxyethanol were axial flexure and oedema and for clove oil, axial flexure, gut malformation, microphthalmia and oedema. 2-phenoxyethanol was found to induce growth inhibition of frog embryos at concentrations above 300 mg/l and clove oil at concentrations above 20 mg/l. In summary, both 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil affected the growth of Xenopus embryos, while only 2-phenoxyethanol represented a teratogenic risk.

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A toxicity and hazard assessment of fourteen pharmaceuticals to Xenopus laevis larvae

Cited by 108 publications

References 45 publications

Review: <i>Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) in South African surface waters</i>

Review: <i>Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) as endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) in South African surface waters</i>

Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish and Xenopus

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil anaesthetics using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

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