A Versatile Phase-Angle Meter for Power System Analysis

Bourbonnais, T. L.; Lunas, L. J.

doi:10.1109/tpas.1967.291886

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…However, when DG units are present in DNs, bidirectional power flows may occur. Theoretically, power flow directions can be determined by the methods in [17] and [18]. Moreover, the reverse power flow was also investigated in [19], [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse active-reactive optimal power flow in ADNs: Technical and economical aspects

Gabash

2014

2014 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON)

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Since 1880s unidirectional power flows in electrical distribution networks (DNs) have been known as the usual case. But after 1990s due to the installation of new entities such as distributed generation (DG) units and battery storage systems (BSSs) bidirectional power flows would be the future case. Recently, a combined problem formulation for active-reactive optimal power flow (A-R-OPF) has been developed to utilize the economical benefits of operating both low-and medium-voltage active DNs (ADNs). In this paper, some technical and economical aspects of allowing reverse A-R-OPF in ADNs are highlighted. This is achieved by considering a real medium voltage ADN with a high penetration of wind and battery stations. The results show that considering a price for reactive energy in ADNs will lead to a huge amount of reverse reactive energy. This new phenomenon needs to be considered in operating and planning future ADNs. Keywords: Active distribution networks (ADNs), optimization, reverse active-reactive optimal power flow (A-R-OPF). I. INTRODUCTIONThe dynamics of demand, distributed generation (DG), energy prices, and governmental regulations make the operation/planning of distribution networks (DNs) highly complicated. The increasing installation of DG units will lead to the situation that a part of the generated renewable energy has to be curtailed [1], [2], [3], [4]. One measure of avoiding curtailments is to allow exporting the surplus energy to the upstream network, i.e., reverse power flow [5], [6], [7]. Another measure is to use storage systems for energy accumulation [8]. However, even by using both measures, it may be impossible to address the curtailment problem, if there are bottlenecks inside the DN due to capacity limitations of existing feeders. Thus, for an optimal operation/planning, it is necessary to examine the effects of reverse power flow, distribution feeder layout, and storage systems for the reduction of curtailment.Reverse active power flow was considered in [6] and [7] for determining the optimal location and sizing of DG units, where a predefined limit on the maximum allowed reverse active power flow was taken. But reverse reactive power flow was not considered.In [8], a method for sizing and allocating battery storage systems (BSSs) in a DN with a high penetration of wind energy was proposed, where a maximum allowed reverse active power flow was assumed. In addition, fixed locations of wind stations and a fixed lowest feeder capacity were taken.

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