Adult age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: II. An electrophysiological approach.

Strayer, David L.; Wickens, Christopher D.; Braune, Rolf

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.99

Cited by 113 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Because the emphasis of this study is on the differential effects of AD and HD on mental rotation, specific analyses comparing the two control groups to one another were not summarized. However, clear age differences did emerge in this study, consistent with the welldocumented finding in the literature that aging is associated with slower speed of processing and reaction times on many tasks (Cerella, 1985;Salthouse & Somberg, 1982;Simon & Pouraghabagher, 1978;Strayer et al, 1987), including mental rotation (Dollinger, 1995;Dror & Kosslyn, 1994;Hertzog & Rypma, 1991;Hertzog et al, 1993;Puglisi & Morrell, 1986). Although in absolute terms HD patients were not slower than AD patients, they performed mental rotation at essentially the same speed as neurologically intact individuals that, on average, were more than 30 years older, rather than at the speed expected from individuals their age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Lineweaver

Salmon

Bondi

et al. 2005

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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The ability to spatially rotate a mental image was compared in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 18) and patients with Huntington's disease (HD; n = 18). Compared to their respective age-matched normal control (NC) group, the speed, but not the accuracy, of mental rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with HD. In contrast, the accuracy, but not the speed, of rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with AD. Additional analyses showed that these unique patterns of performance were not attributable to different speed/accuracy trade-off sensitivities. This double dissociation suggests that the distinct brain regions affected in the two diseases differentially contribute to speed and accuracy of mental rotation. Specifically, the slowing exhibited by HD patients may be mediated by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas the spatial manipulation deficit of AD patients may reflect pathology in parietal and temporal lobe association cortices important for visuospatial processing. (JINS, 2005, 11, 30-39.) 2

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Lineweaver

Salmon

Bondi

et al. 2005

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…There was an effect of set size on naming time, and this suggests that processes other than a memory-comparison process were affected by memory set size. Strayer et al (1987) measured the P300 response' as well as overt reaction times, and found a steeper slope for overt reaction times than for P300 latencies. Since P300 reflects preresponse processing, Strayer et al argued that response processes contributed to the set-size effect observed with overt reaction times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, one might continue to work with the Sternberg model and argue that memory set size might affect stages other than the comparison stage (see, e.g., Kirsner, 1972;Strayer, Wickens, & Braune, 1987). Kirsner (1972) used a task in which subjects named the probe after presentation of the memory set as a control for perceptual and response factors in memory search.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is there a search in fixed-set memory search?

Stadler

Logan

1989

Mem Cogn

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We discuss the hypothesis that structural factors in the fixed-set memory-search task may contribute to the standard linear set-size effect typically observed in this task. We constructed a lexical decision task that contained the same structural factors as the memory-search task. Two structural factors are discussed: (1) the priming of the probe by the memory set, and (2) the confounding of repetitions per item with set size. Our experiment demonstrated that these structural factors playa role in the set-size effect. The implications of these effects for the memorysearch task and for models proposed to account for memory-search data are discussed.One of the most well-known tasks in modem psychology is the memory-search task popularized by Sternberg (1966Sternberg ( , 1967Sternberg ( , 1969Sternberg ( , 1975. In this task, a subject is asked to comparean item, or probe, againsta previously memorized list of items, called the memory set, and to decide whether or not the probe item is a memberof the memory set. A common finding is that reaction time for the decision on the probe item is a linear function of the number of items in the memory set, both for items that are members of the set (positive probes) and for items that are not (negative probes). Sternberg interpreted these data to indicate a serial and exhaustive comparison of the probe item to the items in the memory set: serial because the functions are linear, suggesting a one-by-one comparison process, and exhaustive because the positive and negative functions are parallel, suggestingthat, in both cases, the subject searches the entire memory set.Sincethe introduction of the memory-search task, it has been used widely and in many variations, and many alternatives to Sternberg's interpretations have followed (see Townsend & Ashby, 1983, for a thorough discussion of these). The central theme in this literature has been the idea that the increases seen in reaction time with the additionof itemsto the memoryset (theset-size effect) reflect the operationof some sort of comparison processin which the probe is compared to the items in the memory set.However, there are structural factors in the memorysearch procedure that may account, at least in part, for the set-size effect without assuming a comparison process. In the fixed-set version of the memory-search task, memory set size is manipulated between blocks; subjects This research was supported by Grant BNS 8510365 from the National Science Foundation to Gordon Logan. The authors would like to thank Michael Corballis, Alice F. Healy, James H. Neely, Henry L. Roediger ill, and anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Requests for reprints may beaddressed to Michael Stadler, who is now at the Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-5501. use one memory set for several trials in succession. This is in contrastto the varied-set procedure, in which subjects are given a new memory set on each trial before presentation of the probe. In the fixed-set p...

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“…Answer: Much evidence shows that older adults tend to adopt conservative strategies for performing speeded tasks (e.g., Baron & Matilla, 1989;Botwinick, 1966;Okun & Di Vesta, 1976;Rabbitt, 1979;Salthouse, 1978a;Strayer, Wickens, & Braune, 1987). Three factors could underlie this tendency.…”

Section: Question 1 6 : Do Older Adults Suffer From Goal Neglect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive-process interactive control: A unified computational theory for answering 20 questions (and more) about cognitive ageing

Meyer

Glass

Seymour

et al. 2001

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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Although the eVects of ageing on human information processing and performance have been studied extensively, many fundamental questions about cognitive ageing remain to be answered de nitively. For example, what are the sources of age-related slowing? How much is working-memory capacity reduced in older adults? Is time-sharing ability lost with age? Answering such questions requires a uni ed computational theory that characterises the interactive operations of many component mental processes and integrates diverse data on cognitive ageing. Toward ful lling this requirement, an executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture has been extended to model performance of both young and older adults. EPIC models yield accurate accounts of ageing eVects on reaction times and accuracy in basic dual-task and working-memory paradigms. From these accounts, it appears that time-sharing ability and working-memory capacity decrease relatively little until after 70 years of age. Before age 70, at least some apparent performance decrements may be attributable to conservative executive processes and ineYcient task procedures rather than decreased ''hardware'' functionality. By clarifying and deepening such insights, uni ed computational theories like EPIC will help answer many questions about cognitive ageing.

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Adult age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: II. An electrophysiological approach.

Cited by 113 publications

References 47 publications

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

Is there a search in fixed-set memory search?

Executive-process interactive control: A unified computational theory for answering 20 questions (and more) about cognitive ageing

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