Advantage of proton-radiotherapy for pediatric patients and adolescents with Hodgkin’s disease

Abstract

Radiotherapy is frequently used in the therapy of lymphoma. Since lymphoma, for example Hodgkin’s disease, frequently affect rather young patients, the induction of secondary cancer or other long-term adverse effects after irradiation are important issues to deal with. Especially for mediastinal manifestations numerous organs and substructures at risk play a role. The heart, its coronary vessels and cardiac valves, the lungs, the thyroid and, for female patients, the breast tissue are only the most important organs at risk. In this study we investigated if proton-radiotherapy might reduce the dose delivered to the organs at risk and thus minimize the therapy-associated toxicity. Methods In this work we compared the dose delivered to the heart, its coronary vessels and valves, the lungs, the thyroid gland and the breast tissue by different volumetric photon plans and a proton plan, all calculated for a dose of 28.8 Gy (EURO-NET-PHL-C2). Target Volumes have been defined by F18-FDG PET-positive areas, following a modified involved node approach. Data from ten young female patients with mediastinal lymphoma have been evaluated. Three different modern volumetric IMRT (VMAT) photon plans have been benchmarked against each other and against proton-irradiation concepts. For plan-evaluation conformity- and homogeneity-indices have been calculated as suggested in ICRU 83. The target volume coverage as well as the dose to important organs at risk as the heart with its substructures, the lungs, the breast tissue, the thyroid and the spinal cord were calculated and compared. For statistical evaluation mean doses to organs at risk were evaluated by non- parametric Kruskal-Wallis calculations with pairwise comparisons. Results Proton-plans and three different volumetric photon-plans have been calculated. Proton irradiation results in significant lower doses delivered to organ at risk. The median doses and the mean doses could be decreased while PTV coverage is comparable. As well conformity as homogeneity are slightly better for proton plans. For several organs a risk reduction for secondary malignancies has been calculated using literature data as reference. According to the used data derived from literature especially the secondary breast cancer risk, the secondary lung cancer risk and the risk for ischemic cardiac insults can be reduced significantly by using protons for radiotherapy of mediastinal lymphomas. Conclusion Irradiation with protons for mediastinal Hodgkin-lymphoma results in significant lower doses for almost all organs at risk and is suitable to reduce long term side effects for pediatric and adolescent patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13014-019-1360-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Radiotherapy is utilized for the treatment of lymphoma in cases of bulky tumors or as a consolidation therapy. However, because lymphomas are often localized in the proximity of radiosensitive organs, late toxicity has been reported in the form of cardiac events or the development of secondary tumors 9 . The characteristic precision of PT irradiation has raised interest for lymphoma PT therapy 10 .…”

Assessment of Waldeyer's ring in pediatric and adolescent Hodgkin lymphoma patients—Importance of multimodality imaging: Results from the EuroNet‐PHL‐C1 trial

“…However, in the setting of combined modality treatment, the optimal radiation volume for pediatric patients with HL remains uncertain. Nevertheless, precise delineation of both WR and adjacent lymph nodes before treatment is important for any rational reduction in volumes especially when new irradiation technologies like proton therapy are applied 25 …”

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