Alterations in the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in response to exposure to the insect growth regulator fluazuron

Abstract

Alterations in the oxidative metabolism of AbstractAiming to characterize the potential off-target effects of fluazuron on ticks, biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks after exposure to fluazuron. Hemolymph and fat body were collected from female ticks before and after (4, 8 and 15 days) exposure to fluazuron. Spectrophotometric analyses were done to quantify glucose concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the hemolymph and the concentration of glycogen in the tick's fat body. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to determine the concentration of carboxylic acids in the hemolymph and to evaluate changes in intermediary metabolic processes requiring oxygen consumption. Increases in the levels of LDH activity and lactic acid concentration indicated that fluazuron enhanced fermentative metabolism in ticks. Exposure to fluazuron was also found to increase glucose concentrations in the hemolymph over time, although no significant differences were noted daily. In addition to expanding the body of knowledge about the mode of action of fluazuron, investigations into these mechanisms may also be useful in discovering new and as yet unexplored secondary effects.

Antimicrobial, Toxicological and Physiological Effects of the Complex Co(ii) With Thiosemicarbazone of Glyoxylic Acid

“…Increased activity of LDH, as well as the activity of AST and ALT contribute to cell damage. Microplusus antiparasitic drug Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) in a study on the oxidative level of fluazuron; with an increase in the time of chemical exposure, hemoglobin activity in hemolymph and adipose tissue increased [28]. In another study, the biological agent Klebsiella oxytoca, injected into the larvae of Galleria mellonella, had a significant increase in the activity of the LDH enzyme in the hemolymph tissue of the insect within 8 hours.…”

“…Against this stress, free radicals are formed in insects. These reactive molecules negatively affect many biological systems such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes in insects [27,28]. Insects; they produce antioxidant enzymes against oxidative damage and try to eliminate the damage.…”

Effects of Oxfendazole on Some Biochemical Parameters in Hemolymph of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Reared on Artificial Diet

“…The activity of LDH in hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae fed with artificial diet supplemented with 0.0015% oxfendazole was increased ( Table. 1). In a study of the oxidative levels of the antiparasitic drug fluazuron on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; LDH activity in haemolymph and fatty tissue increased with the chemical exposure time (Gaudêncio et al, 2016). In another study, a significant increase in LDH enzyme activity in hemolemph tissue of the insect was detected after 8 hours of the biological agent Klebsiella oxytoca injection to the larvae of G. mellonella (Sugeçti et al, 2017).…”

Accurate Analysis of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Metabolites and Anion Components in Hemocytes by IC-CD/ESI-MS for Quantifying Insecticide Impairment on Cellular Immunity in Mythimna separata

“…The selection of the solvent for anion extraction is essential. Different extractants, such as chloroform (1:1), 0.3 mmol/L perchloric acid, 3 mol/L ice-cold perchloric acid, saline buffer (1.5 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), and trifluoroacetic acid, were used, and 1.0 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid offers a higher extraction efficiency and clean samples. In addition, the optimization of IC-CD analytical conditions is selected to meet the requirement of analysis with high accuracy and precision.…”