Alveolar bone loss in osteoporosis: a loaded and cellular affair?

Abstract

Maxillary and mandibular bone mirror skeletal bone conditions. Bone remodeling happens at endosteal surfaces where the osteoclasts and osteoblasts are situated. More surfaces means more cells and remodeling. The bone turnover rate in the mandibular alveolar process is probably the fastest in the body; thus, the first signs of osteoporosis may be revealed here. Hormones, osteoporosis, and aging influence the alveolar process and the skeletal bones similarly, but differences in loading between loaded, half-loaded, and unloaded bones are important to consider. Bone mass is redistributed from one location to another where strength is needed. A sparse trabeculation in the mandibular premolar region (large intertrabecular spaces and thin trabeculae) is a reliable sign of osteopenia and a high skeletal fracture risk. Having dense trabeculation (small intertrabecular spaces and well-mineralized trabeculae) is generally advantageous to the individual because of the low fracture risk, but may imply some problems for the clinician.

Titanium implant surface properties enhance osseointegration in ovariectomy induced osteoporotic rats without pharmacologic intervention

“…Evidence suggests age-related osteoporosis develops from a combination of accelerated bone loss owing to excessive resorption and impaired bone formation during remodeling (Xiao et al, 2016). The systemic effects of osteoporosis have also shown to compromise the density of alveolar bone (Jonasson & Rythén, 2016;Kribbs, 1990;Kribbs, Smith, & Chesnut, 1983;Lindh, Obrant, & Petersson, 2004;Merheb et al, 2015;Singhal et al, 2012;Southard & Southard, 1994), reducing its quality to a phenotype similar to type IV bone (Fugazzotto, Wheeler, & Lindsay, 1993;Hildebolt, 1997;Tanaka, Ejiri, Toyooka, Kohno, & Ozawa, 2002). Success rates of machined implants have been shown to be lower when placed in type IV bone (Baxter & Fattore, 1993;Jaffin & Berman, 1991;Johns, Jemt, & Heath, 1992).…”

Hormonal and Genetic Role Affecting the Bone Resorption in Patients with Osteoporosis

“…DISCUSSION Molecular evidence of immunologic mediation factors supports an explanation of the association of osteoporosis and inflammation [1]. This association is demonstrated by high-sensitivity (hs) CRP (Creative Protein) levels and bone mineral density in some inflammatory diseases.…”

“…This causes bone resorption and may lead to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is one of the degenerative disorders characterized by a decrease in bone mass due to an imbalance between resorption and bone formation [1,2]. Currently osteoporosis is seen as a heterogeneous state that can occur at any age due to endocrine, metabolic, genetic and various mechanical stress factors [3].…”

Effect of ovariectomy in bone structure of mandibular condyle

“…Consequently, there are more amount of dental open spaces with consequent accumulation of plaque, making it difficult to biofilm control and therefore prone to aggravation of the symptoms of periodontal disease and infectious processes, which in turn accelerates the horizontal bone loss and vertical. So, bone loss, dental changes linked to position of teeth in the dental arches and lack of prosthesis adaptation due to decreased bone mass, contributes to changes in the condyles, since the occlusal relationship of teeth are altered and therefore the stomatognathic system and the function is compromised, generating specific pathologies of the temporomandibular joint and condylar complex region [16][17][18][19] . Therefore, to improve knowledge on the relationship of postmenopausal osteoporosis with the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) this study evaluated the bone mineralization of the condyle after ovariectomy, using an animal model.…”

“…Studies have shown that alveolar bone loss is one of the most likely causes of tooth loss or mobility. Low bone density in the jaw triggered by osteoporosis can also lead to other dental problems 16,17 . For example, women who suffer from osteoporosis are more likely to experience difficulties connected with ill-fitting dentures 17,18 .…”