An in vitro study of individual ankle muscle actions on the center of pressure

An in vitro approach to the evaluation of foot-ankle kinematics: Performance evaluation of a custom-built gait simulator

“…In contrast, motion patterns 20 remain largely unaffected as the main muscle action remains unaffected. Secondly, also gait speed and acceleration are reduced compared to in vivo, as was also the case in previous studies [9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, as bones in the foot are small, the resulting forces of inertia will be small compared to the muscle forces and ground reaction forces.…”

“…On the other hand, there might be an effect on the visco-elastic behavior of the ligaments and other soft tissues and on the intra-articular pressures. However, previous studies have shown that experiments with clinical relevance are still possible despite these limitations [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Thirdly, there is an oversimplification in the model to generate input signals for controlling the tibial kinematics.…”

“…It is unique as it combines CT data with data from a 3D motion capture device which allows to visualize bone motion and to calculate joint translations in addition to joint rotations, commonly reported in literature [9][10][11][12][13][14]. These additional data is relevant for a profound validation of numerical models and for gaining more insight in foot biomechanics.…”

“…However, as cadaver integrity is of prior concern, forces are kept low, as is the case in all studies where dynamic in vitro experiments were performed [9][10][11][12][13][14]. As a consequence, there is a decrease in the ROM and load transfer in the joints will be reduced which means intra-articular pressures are reduced compared to in vivo.…”

“…The strategy to calculate 3D joint kinematics allows to calculate joint translations in addition to rotations commonly reported in literature [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Therefore, it combines CT data with data from a 3D motion capture device.…”