An investigation into the effects of underwater piling noise on salmonids

Nedwell, J.R.; Turnpenny, A. W. H.; Lovell, J. M.; Edwards, Bryan

doi:10.1121/1.2335573

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Different species can perceived a specific sound in different ways [14]. There are studies that have examined how pile driving and offshore wind affects fish, both their behavior and physical well being [15][16][17][18]. The results from these studies are difficult to apply to other sound sources, as they may differ in amplitude, frequency range and duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts

2013

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Abstract:Wave energy conversion is a clean electric power production technology. During operation there are no emissions in the form of harmful gases. However there are unsolved issues considering environmental impacts such as: electromagnetism; the artificial reef effect and underwater noise. Anthropogenic noise is increasing in the oceans worldwide and wave power will contribute to this sound pollution in the oceans; but to what extent? The main purpose of this study was to examine the noise emitted by a full scale operating Wave Energy Converter (WEC) in the Lysekil project at Uppsala University in Sweden. A minor review of the hearing capabilities of fish and marine mammals is presented to aid in the conclusions of impact from anthropogenic sound. A hydrophone was deployed to the seabed in the Lysekil research site park at distance of 20 and 40 m away from two operational WECs. The measurements were performed in the spring of 2011. The results showed that the main noise was a transient noise with most of its energy in frequencies below 1 kHz. These results indicate that several marine organisms (fish and mammals) will be able to hear the operating WECs of a distance of at least 20 m.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts

2013

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“…Until recently, such weighted thresholds for marine mammals were obtained using auditory weighting functions based on the audiogram (e.g. Nedwell et al, 2006;Verboom and Kastelein, 2005) or the approximate frequency bandwidth of hearing (M-weighting) (Southall et al, 2007), but these two methods often produce very different weighted levels (e.g. De Jong and Ainslie, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Wensveen

Huijser²,

Hoek³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Loudness perception by human infants and animals can be studied under the assumption that sounds of equal loudness elicit equal reaction times (RTs). Simple RTs of a harbour porpoise to narrowband frequency-modulated signals were measured using a behavioural method and an RT sensor based on infrared light. Equal latency contours, which connect equal RTs across frequencies, for reference values of 150−200 ms (10 ms intervals) were derived from median RTs to 1 s signals with sound pressure levels (SPLs) of 59-168 dB re. 1 μPa and centre frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 16, 31.5, 63, 80 and 125 kHz. The higher the signal level was above the hearing threshold of the harbour porpoise, the quicker the animal responded to the stimulus (median RT 98−522 ms). Equal latency contours roughly paralleled the hearing threshold at relatively low sensation levels (higher RTs). The difference in shape between the hearing threshold and the equal latency contours was more pronounced at higher levels (lower RTs); a flattening of the contours occurred for frequencies below 63 kHz. Relationships of the equal latency contour levels with the hearing threshold were used to create smoothed functions assumed to be representative of equal loudness contours. Auditory weighting functions were derived from these smoothed functions that may be used to predict perceived levels and correlated noise effects in the harbour porpoise, at least until actual equal loudness contours become available.

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“…Underwater sound has previously been identified as a concern for potential negative impacts to fishes and other marine organisms but has primarily been linked to high-intensity sounds from seismic surveys, pile-driving, or military sonar (Richardson et al, 1995;Woods et al, 2001;Popper, 2003;Popper et al, 2005;Popper et al, 2006;Nedwell et al, 2006;Popper et al, 2007;Ruggerone et al, 2008;Popper and Hastings, 2009;Mueller-Blenkle et al, 2010). Woods et al (2001) examined fishes that died as a result of exposure to underwater sounds from pile-driving operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Characterization of underwater sounds produced by hydraulic and mechanical dredging operations

Reine

Clarke

Dickerson³

2014

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Sound recordings were made of two dredging operations at hydrophone depths of 3 and 9.1 m at distances up to 1.2 km from the source in shallow waters (<15 m) of New York Harbor. Sound sources included rock fracturing by a hydraulic cutterhead dredge and six distinct sources associated with a mechanical backhoe dredging operation during rock excavation. To place sound emitted from these dredges in perspective with other anthropogenic sounds, recordings were also made of several deep-draft commercial vessels. Results are presented as sound pressure levels (SPLs) in one-third octave versus range across the 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency band. To address concerns for protection of fishery resource occupying the harbor, SPL were examined at frequency bands of 50-1000 Hz and 100-400 Hz, the ranges where the majority of fishes without hearing specializations detect sound and the range of greatest sensitivity, respectively. Source levels (dB re 1 μPa-1 m rms) were back calculated using fitted regression (15LogR). The strongest sound sources (180-188.9 dB) were emitted by commercial shipping. Rock fracturing produced a source level of 175 dB, whereas six distinct sources associated with rock excavation had source levels ranging from 164.2 to 179.4 dB re 1 μPa-1 m (rms).

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An investigation into the effects of underwater piling noise on salmonids

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts

Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Characterization of underwater sounds produced by hydraulic and mechanical dredging operations

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