“…Its glycemic control is attributed primarily to its ability to suppress hepatic glucose production. − As a hydrophilic molecule, it has high solubility and low intestinal and cell membrane permeability, limiting its absorption and thus affecting oral bioavailability, which ranges from 40 to 60% . Additionally, metformin has a saturable absorption level and an inverse relationship between the dose being ingested by the patient and its absorption rate. , Consequently, due to its low bioavailability, metformin is administered multiple times a day at an average dosage of 500 mg/day (up to 850 mg/day), which may cause many undesirable side effects, such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and headaches. , To address issues with low absorption, different strategies have been developed to enhance metformin’s bioavailability, including a floating cellulose-based hollow-core tablet, a water-in-oil microemulsion system, a hydrogel-forming microneedle platform for transdermal delivery, and complexation with hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin, among others.…”