Analysis of Valorization Process of Aluminum Breakage Scraps to Obtain Green Hydrogen

Berna, Xavier Salueña; Marín-Genescà, Marc; Dagà-Monmany, José María

doi:10.3390/met11040598

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Moreover, the alcohol works as a reactive filter and does not allow the hydrogen to carry away the NaOH particles that can contaminate the fuel cell. Usually, to return the vaporized alcohol to the reactor, a condenser must be used [ 41 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Berna

Marín-Genescà²,

Vidal³

et al. 2021

Materials

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This article proposes a new model of power supply for mobile low power machines applications, between 10 W and 30 W, such as radio-controlled (RC) electric cars. This power supply is based on general hydrogen from residual aluminum and water with NaOH, so it is proposed energy valorization of aluminum waste. In the present research, a theoretical model allows us to predict the requested aluminum surface and the required flow of hydrogen has been developed, also considering, in addition to the geometry and purity of the material, two key variables as the temperature and the molarity of the alkaline solution used in the hydrogen production process. Focusing on hydrogen production, isopropyl alcohol plays a key role in the reactor’s fuel cell vehicle as it filters out NaOH particles and maintains a constant flow of hydrogen for the operation of the machine, keeping the reactor temperature controlled. Finally, a comparison of the theoretical and experimental data has been used to validate the developed model using aluminum sheets from ring cans to generate hydrogen, which will be used as a source of hydrogen in a power fuel cell of an RC car. Finally, the manuscript shows the parts of the vehicle’s powertrain, its behavior, and mode of operation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Berna

Marín-Genescà²,

Vidal³

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…Aluminum machining scrap accounts for a significant fraction (13.7%) of the trash created by all manufacturing processes globally [ 94 ]. Waste chips and powder of that metal can be effectively ‘converted into hydrogen’ either in their original form or in the form of compacted shapes (e.g., tablets or pellets) [ 95 , 96 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Buryakovskaya,

Maslakov,

Borshchev

et al. 2024

Molecules

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A swarf of aluminum alloy with high corrosion resistance and ductility was successfully converted into fine hydro reactive powders via ball milling with silver powder and either lithium chloride or gallium. The latter substances significantly intensified particle size reduction, while silver formed ‘cathodic’ sites (Ag, Ag2Al), promoting Al corrosion in aqueous saline solutions with hydrogen generation. The diffraction patterns, microphotographs, and elemental analysis results demonstrated partial aluminum oxidation in the samples and their contamination with tungsten carbide from milling balls. Those factors were responsible for obtaining lower hydrogen yields than expected. For AlCl3 solution at 60 °C, Al–LiCl–Ag, Al–LiCl, Al–Ga–Ag, and Al–Ga composites delivered (84.6 ± 0.2), (86.8 ± 1.4), (80.2 ± 0.5), and (76.7 ± 0.7)% of the expected hydrogen, respectively. Modification with Ag promoted Al oxidation, thus providing higher hydrogen evolution rates. The samples with Ag were tested in a CaCl2 solution as well, for which the reaction proceeded much more slowly. At a higher temperature (80 °C) after 3 h of experiment, the corresponding hydrogen yields for Al–LiCl–Ag and Al–Ga–Ag powders were (46.7 ± 2.1) and (31.8 ± 1.9)%. The tested Ag-modified composite powders were considered promising for hydrogen generation and had the potential for further improvement to deliver higher hydrogen yields.

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“…In the case of Al can flat plates and an aqueous solution of sea water, HCl, and Na 2 MoO 4 (promoter), the reaction was fitted with the model derived from the mentioned improved 'shrinking core' model [52]. The dimensional changes in the Al sample reacting with 7.5 M NaOH were illustrated with a contracting volume equation for a parallelepiped [53]. According to the results reported in [54], for composite powders (AZ33 ball milled with C, Co, Bi, Cu, Ni, and SiO 2 ), their kinetic curves were fitted with the Avrami-Erofeev equation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Promising methods for the preparation of bulk Mg or Al-based composite hydroreactive materials are melting with additives (Cu, Fe, Sn, Ni, etc.) [55][56][57][58][59][60] or ball milling with additives with further powders compacting into pellets [53,61,62]. The known techniques for the effective coalescence of aluminum powder particles (with spherical or irregular shapes) include uniaxial compression [63,64]; cold compacting at 200-600 MPa with further sintering at 500-650 • C [65][66][67][68][69]; spark plasma sintering, commonly under 20-50 MPa and 400-600 • C [70][71][72][73]; and cold pressing at ~600-8000 MPa [67,74].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Scrap to Hydrogen: Manufacture of Hydroreactive Solid Shapes via Combination of Ball Milling, Cold Pressing, and Spark Plasma Sintering

Buryakovskaya,

Vlaskin,

Butyrin

2023

Nanomaterials

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Two sorts of tablets were manufactured from ball-milled powder (aluminum scrap and copper) by cold pressing and spark plasma sintering. Their microstructure, phase, and elemental compositions were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. New phases, Al2Cu and MgCuAl2, were detected in the samples. Their microstructure was formed by welded scrap particles, the intermetallides, and Cu-rich regions located majorly along ‘interparticle boundaries’ and, to a lesser extent, within small, micro- and nanosized ‘intraparticle spots’. The tablets were sealed with adhesive, so only the top surface was exposed to the environment, and tested in a chlorine aqueous solution for hydrogen generation performance. For both sample sorts, hydrogen yields of nearly 100% were achieved. The sintered tablets reacted faster than the cold-pressed ones: at 60, 70, and 80 °C, their entire ‘conversion into hydrogen’ took ~80, 40, and 30 min. vs. ~220, 100, and 70 min. The experimental kinetic curves were fitted with a contracting geometry equation, and those for the sintered samples were approximated with higher precision. The key effect of the additive was to enhance hydrogen evolution through the galvanic corrosion of Al in the regions adjacent to the intermetallic inclusions and Cu-rich spots.

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Analysis of Valorization Process of Aluminum Breakage Scraps to Obtain Green Hydrogen

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Metal Scrap to Hydrogen: Manufacture of Hydroreactive Solid Shapes via Combination of Ball Milling, Cold Pressing, and Spark Plasma Sintering

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