Anticholinesterse and antioxidant investigations of crude extracts, subsequent fractions, saponins and flavonoids of atriplex laciniata L.: potential effectiveness in Alzheimer’s and other neurological disorders

BMC Complement Altern Med

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens is of great concern to the global health community. Our ability to effectively treat diseases is based on the discovery of potent drugs for the treatment of these challenging diseases. Traditional medicines are one of the major sources for the discovery of safe, effective and economical drug candidates. In order to validate its antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal potentials with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the first time Polygonum hydropiper against pathogenic bacterial, fungal strains and a variety of insects.Methods Polygonum hydropiper samples including crude extract (Ph.Cr), subsequent fractions; n-hexane (Ph.Hex), chloroform (Ph.Chf), ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc), n-Butanol (Ph.Bt), aqueous (Ph.Aq) and crude saponins (Ph.Sp) were tested against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Insecticidal activities were performed against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica and Monomorium pharaonis. Ph.Cr was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for preliminary identification of chemical constituents.ResultsIn disc diffusion assay, Ph.Chf, Ph.Hex, Ph.EtAc and Ph.Sp exhibited highest activity against Enterococcus faecalis. MICs of Ph.Chf against Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 32.00, 13.33, 10.66, 5.33, 64.00, 8.66 and 10.66 μg/ml respectively. MFC’s of Ph.Chf against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum were 16.66, 23.33, 125.00 and 46.66 μg/ml respectively. Ph.EtAc, Ph.Sp, Ph.Chf and Ph.Bt were most active fractions against T. castaneum and R. dominica. Ph.Sp being most active against A. punctatum exhibited LC50 of < 0.01 mg/ml. In GC-MS analysis of Ph.Cr, 124 compounds were identified among which several bioactive antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal compounds were found.Conclusions P. hydropiper samples exhibited broad spectrum of activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Our results support previously reported insecticidal properties of saponins and may provide scientific justification for the ethno-medicinal uses of the plant.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1491-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical profiling, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluations of Polygonum hydropiper L

Ayaz

Junaid

BMC Complement Altern Med

et al. 2016

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“…Solutions of DTNB (0.0002273 M), ATchI and BTchI (0.0005 M) were prepared in distilled water and were kept in Eppendorf caps in the refrigerator. Galanthamine (Positive control) was dissolved in methanol and aforementioned dilutions were prepared [ 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoesters derivatives of succinimides: a possible role in the management of Alzheimer’s

Sadiq

Mahmood

Chemistry Central Journal

et al. 2015

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BackgroundBased on the pharmacological potency and structural features of succinimides, this study was designed to synthesize new ketoesters derivatives of succinimides. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their possible anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. The compounds were synthesized by organocatalytic Michael additions of α-ketoesters to N-aryl maleimides. Acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were determined using Ellman’s spectrophotometric assay. The antioxidant activity was performed with DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging assay.ResultsThe Michael additions of α-ketoesters to maleimides was promoted by 8-hydroxyquinoline. The organocatalyst (8-hydroxyquinoline, 20 mol %) produced the compounds in relatively shorter time (20–24 h) and with excellent isolated yields (84-98 %). The synthesized compounds (1–4) showed outstanding acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials, i.e., 98.75 and 90.00 % respectively for compound 2, with IC50 < 0.1 μg/mL. Additionally, compounds 1–4 revealed moderate antioxidant activity at different concentrations. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, compound 1 showed dominant result with 72.41 ± 0.45, 52.49 ± 0.78 and 35.60 ± 0.75 % inhibition at concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250 μg/mL respectively, IC50 value of 440 μg/mL. However, the free radical scavenging was better when used ABTS free radicals. In ABTS free radicals scavenging assay compound 1 exhibited 88.51 ± 0.62 % inhibition at highest tested concentration i.e., 1000 μg/mL.ConclusionsHerein, we have synthesized four ketoesters derivatives of succinimides in a single step reaction and high yields. As a highlight, we have showed a first report on the anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of succinimides. All the compounds showed overwhelming enzyme inhibitions and moderate antioxidant potentials.Graphical AbstractGraphical representation of synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoester derivatives of succinimides.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0107-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

“…[70][71][72] Nonetheless, these secondary metabolites have also been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant and other beneficial effects. [36,[73][74][75][76] Moreover, the florescence analysis of the samples of R. hastatus revealed various colors under different wavelengths. The fluorescence analysis is a significant system of identification of powdered drugs with their particular references.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nutritional and medicinal aspects of Rumex hastatus D. Don along with in vitro anti-diabetic activity

Ahmad

International Journal of Food Properties

Ayaz

et al. 2019

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Rumex hastatus being used for medicinal and nutritional purposes as a functional food in various countries is hereby evaluated by the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, proximate analysis, physicochemical (fluorescence) analysis, quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites and sensory evaluations studies. Various samples of R. hastatus were also evaluated for in vitro anti-diabetic potential. The investigational study demonstrated that R. hastatus is a rich source of carbohydrate, i.e., 432.4 mg/g. Moisture content, protein, fiber, ash content and fats were recorded as 22.8%, 133.9 mg/g, 124.4 mg/g, 54.5 mg/g and 25.6 mg/g, respectively. In the same way, the secondary metabolite displayed a relatively greater amount of flavonoids (84.5 mg/g) followed by saponins (65.5 mg/g) and alkaloids (49.5 mg/g). Similarly, the GC (FID-MS) analysis of R. hastatus revealed the detection of 120 compounds. Out of those identified compounds, selected anti-diabetic compounds were sorted out, viz butyl phthalate, phytol, ethylthreonine, dihydrobenzofuran, indoline, guanidine, nerolidol, myristic acid, palmitic acid, caryophyllene, anozol. In physicochemical fluorescence analysis and the sensory evaluation, data were also recorded along with the anti-diabetic with IC 50 value of 42.09 µg/ml. The overall investigational analysis of R. hastatus obviously demonstrated that this plant was a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites. It may be concluded from the GC (FID-MS) analysis that R. hastatus is a potential source of anti-diabetic constituents, which may confer hypoglycemic potential. Based on the recorded data it may also be inferred that R. hastatus is among safe and nutritious herbs, which can be used in lieu of green vegetables and functional food with anti-diabetic potential. ARTICLE HISTORYdifference is that each plant species differs in the amount and concentration of these substances. The plants rich in primary metabolites are usually used for nutritional purposes, while secondary metabolites are preferred for medicinal purposes. [6,11,12] The plants may possess fats, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in such quantity that are considered sufficient for our daily requirements. One can use specific species of plant as food that possess required amount of primary metabolites and low amount of secondary metabolites. But the plants that possess high amount of secondary metabolites than the primary metabolites can cause serious health complications. [13,14] So this is necessary to figure out the amount of nutritional and medicinal elements in those plants, which are being used as food by people.The nutritional values of various plants have been reported by different investigators. [15,16] Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increase in blood glucose level. It can affect individuals at any stage of life but the frequency of diabetes is considerably high among the obese and aged people. [17] Various therapeutic measures are employed to alleviate the symptoms of this disease. One of t...