Transdermal
drug delivery systems (TDDSs) may be useful for preventing
various diseases including cancer. However, the stratum corneum (SC)
inhibits the permeation of foreign particles into the skin. To obtain
an effective TDDS, we developed a protein-containing nanocarrier (PCNC)
comprising an antigenic protein (ovalbumin/OVA) stabilized by a combination
of surfactants, i.e., a lipid-based surface-active ionic liquid and
Tween-80. The PCNC was lyophilized to remove water and cyclohexane
and then dispersed in isopropyl myristate. It is biocompatible both in vitro and in vivo, and is suitable for
use in a therapeutic TDDS. The skin permeability of the PCNC was significantly
(p < 0.0001) enhanced, and the transdermal distribution
and transdermal flux of the OVA delivery system were 25 and 28 times
greater, respectively, than those of its aqueous formulation. The
PCNC disrupted the order of lipid orientation in the skin’s
SC and increased intercellular protein delivery. It demonstrated effective
antitumor activity, drastically (p < 0.001) suppressed
tumor growth, increased mouse survival rates, and significantly (p < 0.001) stimulated the OVA-specific tumor immune response.
The PCNC also increased the number of cytotoxic T cells expressing
CD8 antibodies on their surfaces (CD8 + T-cells) in the tumor microenvironment.
These findings suggest that PCNCs may be promising biocompatible carriers
for transdermal antigenic protein delivery in tumor immunotherapy.