Application of Infrared Emission Spectroscopy to the Thermal Transition of Indium Hydroxide to Indium Oxide Nanocubes

Abstract

Cubic indium hydroxide nanomaterials were obtained by a low-temperature soft-chemical method without any surfactants. The transition of nano-cubic indium hydroxide to cubic indium oxide during dehydroxylation has been studied by infrared emission spectroscopy. The spectra are related to the structure of the materials and the changes in the structure upon thermal treatment. The infrared absorption spectrum of In(OH)(3) is characterized by an intense OH deformation band at 1150 cm(-1) and two O-H stretching bands at 3107 and 3221 cm(-1). In the infrared emission spectra, the hydroxyl-stretching and hydroxyl-bending bands diminish dramatically upon heating, and no intensity remains after 200 °C. However, new low intensity bands are found in the OH deformation region at 915 cm(-1) and in the OH stretching region at 3437 cm(-1). These bands are attributed to the vibrations of newly formed InOH bonds because of the release and transfer of protons during calcination of the nanomaterial. The use of infrared emission spectroscopy enables the low-temperature phase transition brought about through dehydration of In(OH)(3) nanocubes to be studied.

X-ray Photospectroscopy and Electronic Studies of Reactor Parameters on Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide by Defect-Laden Indium Oxide Hydroxide Nanorods

“…The line widths of these O1s peaks are often broad and asymmetric because of multiple site occupancies of oxide lattice O lattice (40% of total species), oxygen vacancies O vac (21%), and hydroxide OH type species (39%) on the surface of In 2 O (3−x) (OH) y . The effective positive charge of the proton bonded to the oxide site of the hydroxide causes the O1s ionization potentials to shift to higher energy than the lattice oxide, while the protonated OH species (H + OH) (14% of total species) arising from ambient moisture during synthesis preparation [18,19] causes a positive shift for some of the OH groups, which all result in a broad OH shoulder. In addition, the presence of an oxygen vacancy in the oxide coordination sphere of indium enhances binding of the remaining oxides to the indium, which is manifest as a shift to higher energy of the O1s ionization potentials.…”

Large-scale synthesis of ITO nanoparticles in an alcohol system assisted by acids

“…4B). In the case of the hydroxide precursors, in addition to the OH deformation bands at 1153 and 1095 cm À1 , corresponding to the hydroxide, 40,41 a broad band characteristic of OH stretching vibrations due to structural hydroxyl ions and adsorbed water was observed in the range between 3000 and 3600 cm À1 . The presence of peaks corresponding to In-OH bending and water at 1434 and 1623 cm À1 , respectively, confirmed the presence of the hydroxide precursor and adsorbed water.…”

“…The presence of peaks corresponding to In-OH bending and water at 1434 and 1623 cm À1 , respectively, confirmed the presence of the hydroxide precursor and adsorbed water. 40,41 When the solution/suspension was subjected to heat, the product underwent some changes, and this is reflected in the spectra. The intensities of the peaks corresponding to hydroxide decreased, from which the removal of free or adsorbed water could be inferred.…”

Spontaneous in situ thermal growth of oriented acentric nanocrystals of [(E)-N,N-dimethylamino-N′-methylstilbazolium][p-toluenesulfonate] embedded in a PMMA film on ITO generating stable SHG

“…21 Surface OH population deep changes were already reported to occur also during the calcination of In(OH) 3 to In 2 O 3 due to the release and This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 transfer of protons. 22 So it appears that, by increasing the temperature, the ITO surface increases its orientational power, which is probably of polar nature, 23 on the DAST/PMMA lm thus producing higher values of the SH efficiency.…”