Assessing the Rising Emphasis on Muscularity for Women: Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Female Muscularity Scale

Campos, Priscila Figueiredo; Almeida, Maurício; Neves, Clara Mockdece; Rodgers, Rachel F.; Ferreira, Maria Elisa Caputo; Carvalho, Paulo Victor Rodrigues de

doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01222-1

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The results showed that the understandability of the MOET ranged from 4.03 to 4.77, the understandability of the MDDI ranged from 3.50 to 4.53, and the understandability of the DMS ranged from 4.20 to 4.67. Based on Campos et al [ 42 ], means of understandability ≥3 were considered adequate understandability, representing degrees of understanding of approximately 80%. As such, the preliminary Chinese translations (i.e., the C-MOET, C-DMS and C-MDDI) were used in the subsequent studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Murray

Compte

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Research on eating disorders (EDs) and body image disturbances has focused mostly on females from Western countries, and little is known about EDs in male populations in China, which is partially due to the lack of validated assessment measures. The current work aims to translate the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) into Chinese and examine their psychometric properties. The factor structures, reliability and validity of the translated scales were examined with two samples: male university students (n = 295, Mage = 18.92 years) and general adult men (n = 406, Mage = 28.53 years). With confirmatory factor analyses, the original factor structures are replicated for the MOET, DMS and MDDI. The results also support the adequate internal consistency for both samples. Strong evidence of convergent and incremental validity for the three measures is also found in both samples. Overall, the three measures prove to be good instruments for use among Chinese male university students and general adult men.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Murray

Compte

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Caliskan and Alim (2021) additionally replicated the one‐factor structure of the MOET among Turkish university students. While related measures have been validated for use among men and women, including the drive for muscularity (e.g., using the Drive for Muscularity Scale; Carvalho et al, 2019; McCreary & Sasse, 2000), the drive for toned muscularity (e.g., using the Female Muscularity Scale; Campos et al, 2021; Rodgers et al, 2018), and muscle‐building activities (e.g., using the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory; Forbush et al, 2013), these measures were not purposefully designed to exclusively assess muscularity‐oriented disordered eating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is interesting to note that muscularity concerns have also been documented among women (Campos et al, 2021; Carvalho et al, 2019; Girard et al, 2018; Rodgers et al, 2018), highlighting the need to develop instruments capable of assessing these body image concerns and muscularity‐oriented disordered dietary practices in women. Cunningham et al (2021) recently evaluated the MOET among university women in Australia, finding support for a briefer (12‐item) one‐factor scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women

Carvalho

Bagolin

Junqueira

et al. 2022

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15‐item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three‐week test–retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Method After the back‐translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. Results Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one‐factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test–retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. Conclusion This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross‐cultural studies in this field. Public Significance The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

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“…Higher levels of the drive for muscularity have been linked to detrimental effects on health and associated with negative outcomes [4,9,11,[17][18][19]. A systematic review [17] identi ed that high levels of drive for muscularity were associated with exercise dependence, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, body shame, muscle dysmorphia, dietary manipulation, and impaired social and occupational functioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Female Muscularity Scale among Chinese young women

et al. 2022

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Purpose: The Female Muscularity Scale (FMS) was speci cally developed for assessing drive for muscularity in women. The current study aimed to translate the FMS into Chinese (FMS-C) and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese young women.Methods: Based on standard procedures, the FMS was translated into Chinese. With a sample of 517 Chinese women college students ( = 18.86 years), the current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C.Results: Results showed a 2-factor structure including attitudes and behaviors of the FMS-C. The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) was .91 for the total FMS-C scale and .89 and .88 for Attitudes and Behaviors subscales, respectively. Results also revealed evidence for good convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C.Conclusion: Findings suggest that the FMS-C can be a useful tool to measure both attitudes and behaviors underlying drive for muscularity and muscle tone concerns among Chinese young women.

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Assessing the Rising Emphasis on Muscularity for Women: Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Female Muscularity Scale

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Female Muscularity Scale among Chinese young women

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