Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Lead in Bottled Water in Different Age Groups in Bandar Abbas Ciry, Iran

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals such as lead in drinking water resources can be dangerous for human because of toxicity and biological accumulation. The consumption of water or food which contains lead in high concentration can lead to prevent from Hemoglobin Synthesis (Anemia) and Kidney diseases. In this present study, the researcher collected 432 samples of bottled water in the popular marks in summer and winter from the surface of Bandar Abbas. The lead concentration was measured by atomic absorption Spectrophotometer in model DR2800 through the Dithizone method. CDI, R and HQ which are caused by lead for adult men, women and children, have been calculated and evaluated through the equations of EPA and WHO. The mean concentration of lead, which is 3.46±0.47 µg/l, and its range, which is 1.9-17.6 µg/l, are lower than the guideline of WHO (10 µg/l) and MPC of EPA is (15 µg/l). But the 40 samples of the bottled water (9.2%) have the concentration higher than guideline WHO and 8 samples (1.85%) has the concentration higher than the permissible limits of the EPA. CDI in different age groups is as following manner: Children>adult men>adult women. CDI in children is more than twice as much as in the adult men and women. The R of lead for children (24E-7), adult men (11E-7) and for adult women (10E-7) are more than the acceptable level of R in EPA (1E-6) but less than the acceptable level of R in WHO (1E-4). Since HQ of adult men (34E-5), adult women (31E-5) and children (84E-5), is lower than 1, it can be said that the population of Bandar Abbas is in a safe area regarding the HQ of the bottled water’s lead.

Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines: Determination, Comprehensive Risk Assessments, and Solutions

“…Sorption agents such as phosphate materials, compost, zeolite and iron compounds, activated carbon, and bentonite, or materials that decrease dissolved organic carbon such as gypsum treatment, Solanum nigrum, microbes, chelating agents, Extracellular polysaccharides or Exopolysaccharides (Rehman et al, 2017), and eco-friendly biocarbon technology (Augustina and Adriana, 2014). These materials increase soil pH, favor deprotonation and the formation of oxides, metal-carbonate precipitates, complexes and secondary minerals that all decrease the phytoavailable heavy metal concentrations (Maiga et al, 2005;Kranthi et al, 2018). Phytoremediation has been perceived to be a more low-cost, lowimpact, low-tech alternative, visually benign and environmentally sound comparing to more active and intrusive remedial methods (Augustina and Adriana, 2014).…”

“…The detection limit was based on consideration of the blank runs, concentration of the low standard in the calibration curve and the sample preparation procedure. Based on this method, the limit of detection was considered equivalent to the limit of quantification (Wang and Hansen, 2004;Pereira et al, 2010). The blank solution was run for 14 times and the first three were discarded considering they were not stable.…”

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of metal(oid)s in tap water from Ilam city, Iran

“…As, and Pb are categorized as carcinogens by the IARC (IARC, 2002;Fakhri et al, 2015;Farokhi et al, 2017;Khlifi et al, 2013). Since CSF value for Cd is not available, we excluded Cd from quantifying ILCR.…”

Bacteriological Quality and Heavy Metal Analysis of Packaged Water Produced in Lusaka, Zambia and Associated Quality Control Measures

“…Drinking water may also contain heavy metals in concentrations above which renders the water unfit for consumption. Heavy metals are elements with a weight 4–5 times as much as the weight of water ( 10 ) Heavy metals such as lead, chromium, and cadmium are dangerous in man because of toxicity and biological accumulation ( 10 ). The maximum acceptable level of lead, chromium, and cadmium are 0.01, 0.05, and 0.003 mg/l, respectively ( 11 , 12 ).…”