Asymmetric motion of magnetically actuated artificial cilia

Hanasoge, Srinivas; Ballard, Matthew; Hesketh, Peter J.; Alexeev, Alexander

doi:10.1039/c7lc00556c

Cited by 54 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Rod‐like magnetically actuated cilia have been reported to achieve spatial asymmetry, by applying an external magnetic field to rotate tilted cilia, resulting in a cone‐shaped elastic deformation path. Further, plate‐like magnetic cilia showed an enhanced planar swept area, very similar to the one observed in Paramecium, due to the interplay between stored elastic energy and the magnetic field. However, this interplay between different forces makes it difficult to precisely tune the magnitude of the various asymmetric motions separately.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…However, this interplay between different forces makes it difficult to precisely tune the magnitude of the various asymmetric motions separately. Hanasoge et al showed how the swept area varies by changing the actuation frequency or the amplitude of the magnetic field, but this variation has also an impact on the orientation angle. Moreover, the phase difference between neighboring magnetic cilia is difficult to control, due to the spatial homogeneity of magnetic fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Milana

Gorissen

Peerlinck

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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In nature, liquid propulsion in low-Reynolds-number regimes is often achieved by arrays of beating cilia with various forms of motion asymmetry. In particular, spatial asymmetry, where the cilia follow a different trajectory in their effective and recovery strokes, is an efficient way of generating flow in low Reynolds regimes. However, this type of asymmetry is difficult to mimic and control artificially. In this paper, an artificial soft cilium that comprises two pneumatic actuators that can be controlled individually is developed. These two independent degrees of freedom allow for the first time adjustment and study of spatial asymmetry in the cilium's beating pattern. Using low-Reynolds-number flow measurements, it is confirmed that spatial asymmetry allows for the generation of fluid propulsion. These twodegree-of-freedom soft cilia provide a platform to study ciliary fluid transport mechanisms and to mimic biologic viscous propulsion.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900462. of a single cilium as well as for whole cilia arrays. For a single cilium, orientational, temporal, and spatial asymmetry can be distinguished, [6] where the latter has the highest impact on low Reynolds fluid propulsion. Spatial asymmetry, where the cilium tip describes a different path during the effective and recovery stroke, is quantified by the swept area; the larger the area, the higher the net flow. [7] At the array level, an additional type of asymmetry has been observed, metachronal asymmetry, which is characterized by a phase difference between neighboring cilia [8] that gives rise to a global wave-like movement.With the development of microsystem technology, artificial cilia can now be fabricated and are foreseen to find applications in microrobotic devices, such as microswimmers, [9,10] microsensors, [11] micropumps, [12][13][14] and micromixers. [15][16][17][18] The vast majority of artificial cilia consist of microactuators that are incorporated in silicone rubber pillars or plate-like flexible structures in order to mimic the biological hair-like design. Current actuation methods include electric fields, [15] magnetic fields, [19][20][21][22][23] vibrations, [24,25] mechanical forces, [26] or pressurized fluids. [27,28] However, asymmetric motion remains the most challenging feature to mimic in artificial cilia systems. In nature, nonreciprocal beating is achieved by a change in bending stiffness between the effective and recovery stroke: [29] A higher stiffness is observed during the fast effective stroke, where the cilium does not deform significantly, whereas in the slower recovery phase the cilium has a lower stiffness and tends to be deformed by the drag forces. To mimic such an asymmetric motion, the artificial cilium needs at least two deformation modes that need to be sequentially addressed. This can be achieved through elastic instabilities, [7] the interaction between elastic, viscous, and actuation forces, [26,30] or a multise...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Milana

Gorissen

Peerlinck

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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“…In this case, the ratio between magnetic and elastic forces acting on a cilium can be characterized by a magnetic number   is the permittivity of free space, E is the Yung's modulus, 3 12 I WP  is the bending moment of inertia, and L , W , P are the length, width, and thickness of the cilium, respectively. 25,[27][28][29] Note that in the above definition of Mn , W cancels out and, therefore, Mn is independent of cilium width. Note also that a similarly defined magnetoelastic number has been previously successfully employed in numerical simulations to describe kinematics of magnetic cilia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, cilia perform two beating cycles for each rotation of the magnetic field. 25,27,32 The phase offset in the motion of different length cilia is illustrated in Fig. 2c.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metachronal motion of artificial magnetic cilia

2018

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Organisms use hair-like cilia that beat in a metachronal fashion to actively transport fluid and suspended particles. Metachronal motion emerges due to a phase difference between beating cycles of neighboring cilia and appears as traveling waves propagating along ciliary carpet. In this work, we demonstrate biomimetic artificial cilia capable of metachronal motion. The cilia are micromachined magnetic thin filaments attached at one end to a substrate and actuated by a uniform rotating magnetic field. We show that the difference in magnetic cilium length controls the phase of the beating motion. We use this property to induce metachronal waves within a ciliary array and explore the effect of operation parameters on the wave motion. The metachronal motion in our artificial system is shown to depend on the magnetic and elastic properties of the filaments, unlike natural cilia, where metachronal motion arises due to fluid coupling. Our approach enables an easy integration of metachronal magnetic cilia in lab-on-a-chip devices for enhanced fluid and particle manipulations.

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“…A ciliated cell may possess thousands of these hair-like organelles which achieve their purposes via a rhythmic whip-like beating motion, which creates fluid currents in surrounding fluid media. The emergent properties exhibited by collective ciliary motion, which are thought to be coordinated solely by local interactions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], have long-since been the focus of research for harnessing, mimicking and emulating for a range of biomedical and engineering uses [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].…”

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confidence: 99%

Programmable transport of micro- and nanoparticles byParamecium caudatum

Mayne

Morgan

Phillips

et al. 2017

Preprint

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6We exploit chemo-and galvanotactic behaviour of Paramecium caudatum to design a hybrid device that allows for controlled uptake, transport and deposition of environmental micro-and nanoparticulates in an aqueous medium. Manipulation of these objects is specific, programmable and parallel. We demonstrate how device operation and output interpretation may be automated via a DIY low-cost fluorescence spectrometer, driven by a microprocessor board. The applications of the device presented range from collection and detoxification of environmental contaminants (e.g. nanoparticles), to micromixing, to natural expressions of computer logic.

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Asymmetric motion of magnetically actuated artificial cilia

Cited by 54 publications

References 42 publications

Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Metachronal motion of artificial magnetic cilia

Programmable transport of micro- and nanoparticles byParamecium caudatum

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