Atoms in Gaseous and Solid States and their Energy and Force Relationships under Transitional Behaviors

Abstract

By recalling the conventional insights of different atomic states, it is possible to discover new insights, which can cope the existing challenges. In fact, atoms consist of electrons and energy knot nets. In atoms of all elements, suitably intercrossed overt photons form or construct energy knots. In growing atoms of gaseous and solid states, schemes of intercrossing overt photons become different. To construct atomic lattice in any element, overt photons in suitable length and number intercross by keeping the centers of their lengths at a common point. A scheme of intercrossing overt photons frames energy knots simultaneously clamping to positioned electrons. Atoms are differentiated on the basis of their different numbers of energy knots and electrons. A number of unfilled states in an atom represents a valency. Excluding hydrogen, atoms possess the same valence number as specified for them. However, two more electrons with two already prescribed ones for the first shell form the zeroth ring of the atom. In the hydrogen atom, only two electrons are available for two energy knots; two overt photons of the least measured lengths intercross to form the shape like digit eight. In this way, four electrons are clamped by four energy knots to form helium atom. Thus, a helium atom is related to a zeroth ring in all higher order atoms. In order to validate these aforementioned statements, the concept of studying protons and neutrons is no longer significant. As far as the atoms of gaseous state are concerned, electrons possess the minimum required potential energy. In this way, electrons of gaseous atoms remain above the middle of clamped energy knots in more than half the length, and they keep on experiencing the maximum required levitational force along the north pole. In atoms of solid state, electrons possess the maximum required potential energy. In this way, electrons of solid atoms remain below the middle of clamped energy knots in more than half the length, and they keep on experiencing the maximum required gravitational force along the south pole. Each transition state of the atom is under the established relation of energy and force. Under transitional energy of an atom, electrons undertake infinitesimal displacements within the clamped energy knots, where orientational force keeps on engaging them to introduce the recovery, neutral, re-crystallization and liquid states. Electrons left to the center of atom orientate from north to east clockwise and electrons right to the centre of atom orientate from north to west anti-clockwise during the conversion of gaseous atom to liquid state. On the other hand, electrons left to the center of atom orientate from south to east anti-clockwise and electrons right to the center of atom orientate from south to west clockwise during the conversion of solid atom to liquid state. These fundamental revolutions shed new light on the development of sustainable science and engineering.

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

“…In the atoms of gaseous and solid states, their liquid states at appropriate level ground surface are accessible. In both gaseous atoms and solid atoms, the access to liquid state is under the suitable force and energy relationship for them [1]. Hence, the force and energy relation for an atom is directly related to modes of electrons as potential energy along with orientational force under involved transitional energy (ET) changes the trend of their clamping energy knots.…”

“…A detailed study regarding orientations of electrons in gaseous atoms and solid atoms when dealing with their different transition states is discussed in a separate study [1]; involving 'ET' of a solid atom to undertake different transition states is directly proportional to orientating 'FG' engaged at the electron level and involving 'ET' of a gaseous atom to undertake transition state is inversely proportional to orientating 'FL' engaged at electron level. (Transitional gaseous atoms distributed in opposite manner to transitional solid atoms).…”

“…Atoms of gaseous and solid states while undertaking liquid states possess a different force and energy relationship [1]. The phenomena of heat and photon energy dealing with matter at electron level were discussed in a separate study [2].…”

Hard Coating Deposits: Incompatible Working Energy and Forced Behaviors of Gaseous and Solid Atoms

“…These binding mechanisms of two different natured atoms (Ti-N) and the same natured atoms (Ti-Ti) provide the space for N atoms to be at the interstitial positions. In gaseous atoms, involved energy is inversely proportional to the engaged force, whereas involved energy is directly proportional to the engaged force in solid atoms [4].…”

“…The origin of atoms of some elements in gaseous state and some elements in solid state has been discussed [4]. A gaseous carbon atom originates several different states due to the involvement of typical energy and thereby, provides the path for filled state electron to migrate to nearby unfilled state [5].…”