Forces driving amalgamation of nanoparticles and particles in solution

Ali, Mubarak; Lin, I‐Nan

doi:10.1016/j.finmec.2022.100076

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The multiple interactions can deform solid atoms forming nanoparticles and particles [16]. A uniform elongating behavior of arrays of gold atoms was discussed in a separate study [23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat and Photon Energy Phenomena: Dealing with Matter at Atomic and Electronic Level

Ali¹

2022

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Misconception in using the terms photon and electron exists in science. When the electron of the outer ring in the silicon atom executes interstate dynamics for only one cycle, it generates force and energy for the unit photon. When the photon of suitable length interacts with the side of the laterally orientated electron of an atom, it converts into heat energy. Under the approximate angle of 90º, when a photon interacts with the tip of a laterally orientated electron, it divides into bits of energy having a shape like integral symbols. In the neutral state silicon atom, the center acts as the reference point for electrons executing interstate dynamics, and the lateral lengths of the electrons remain along the north-south poles. The energy wraps around the force, which shapes along the tracing trajectory of electron dynamics in a silicon atom. Force shapes from only those sides of the electron, which are not in the exertion of forces. In interstate dynamics, the electron of the outer ring first reaches the maximum limit point, where the one-bit energy shapes. Electron completes the second half cycle, where the one-bit energy again shapes. The shape of the unit photon is like Gaussian distribution having turned ends. When there is an uninterrupted supply of heat energy to the silicon atom, electron dynamics generate the photon having a shape-like wave. Path independent but interstate dependent forces take over the control of an electron. That electron executes dynamics nearly at the speed of light. In confined interstate dynamics, naturally viable conservative forces exert on the position-acquiring electron. A photon can be in unending length if the electron dynamics remain uninterrupted. The changing aspect of the electron recalls the auxiliary moment of inertia at each point of turning. By executing electron dynamics, atoms under neutral states generate photons of different shapes, revealing heat and photon energy phenomena.

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“…The multiple interactions can deform solid atoms forming nanoparticles and particles [16]. A uniform elongating behavior of arrays of gold atoms was discussed in a separate study [23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical properties of gold nanoparticles change with size [15]. Geometric and distorted particles deal with different forces to amalgamate in solution [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat and Photon Energy Phenomena: Dealing with Matter at Atomic and Electronic Level

Ali¹

2022

Preprint

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

Ali

2022

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Studying basic parameters of heat and thermodynamics may explore new principles in science. Gaseous and solid atoms under transitional behaviors can explore remarkable advances in chemical and physical sciences. An anomaly in the first law of thermodynamics can be recognized explicitly when the transitional behaviors of atoms are in the study. By gaining transition energy, gaseous atoms undertake a transition state. Hence, the work performs by the gaseous atoms. Symbolically, a plus sign requires for it. A transition state occurs in the solid atom because of the absorbing transition energy. The performed work keeps the minus sign. To keep the orientation of electrons, gaseous and solid atoms experience different forces. In either case, transition energy changes the potential energy of the electron in an atom, thus controlling the orientation force. An anomaly resolves by changing the equations of internal energy. Gaseous and solid atoms introduce cooling and heat effects in elastically driven electronic states till the mid-states. A mid-state of a transition state falls between re-crystallization and liquid states. In generating cooling or heating energy, an electron executes dynamics by remaining within the occupied energy knot. Thus, constantly driven electronic states of atoms cause disorder and irreversible cycles.

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“…In synthesis, atomically precise gold structures could be possible under detailed analyses of varying temperatures [14]. The exerting forces in the amalgamation of nanoparticles and particles have been discussed elsewhere [15]. Due to different forces exerting on the electrons of atoms forming the tiny-shaped particles, they develop particles of different geometrical shapes [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

Ali

2022

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A study of different parameters in thermodynamics is essential to explore the science of various phenomena. When transition states do not reinstate their original states, solid atoms can be related to condensed matter. The same can be the case with gaseous atoms but differently. An anomaly in the first law of thermodynamics can be found while studying the transitional behaviors of atoms. A gaseous atom involves the transitional energy in a gaining manner while undertaking the mid-state. Hence, the work is carried out by that gaseous atom. It should be registered symbolically in a plus form. A solid atom involves the transitional energy in an absorbing manner while undertaking the mid-state. Hence, the work is carried out on that solid atom. It should be registered symbolically in a minus form. Thus, the anomaly is resolved for the change equations in the internal energy system. In a gaseous atom or solid atom system, transition energy is introduced in attaining the mid-state. Hence, gaseous and solid atoms engage different orientation forces to orientate the electrons. In an atom, transition energy changes the potential energy of an electron, whereby it controls the position through orientation force. Gaseous and solid atoms introduce cooling and heat effects when electrons start to restore from the mid-states. A mid-state exists between re-crystallization and liquid states in gaseous or solid atoms. An electron executes dynamics by remaining within the occupied energy knot. Thus, constantly driven electronic states of atoms cause disorder and irreversible cycles.

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Forces driving amalgamation of nanoparticles and particles in solution

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Heat and Photon Energy Phenomena: Dealing with Matter at Atomic and Electronic Level

Heat and Photon Energy Phenomena: Dealing with Matter at Atomic and Electronic Level

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

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