Progress in the surgery of infiltratively growing gliomas is closely related to intraoperative diagnostics. currently the most promising methods of optical imaging in the field of intraoperative identification of glioma boundaries and of grade of tumor are those providing high spatial resolution, such as optical coherence tomography (OcT) and multiphoton tomography (MPT). Nevertheless, for routine clinical use, evidence-based criteria are required. In this work the results of parallel ex vivo analysis of specimens of different grades of gliomas and of peritumoral areas obtained through the use of MPT and cross-polarization OcT (cP OcT) are compared with simultaneous histological descriptions and are presented in order to reveal the usefulness of each method in neurooncology.Key words: multiphoton tomography (MPT); cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (cP OcT); brain tumor rat model; glioma; glioblastoma; intraoperative diagnostics.For contacts: Konstantin S. Yashin, e-mail: jashinmed@gmail.com Gliomas constitute a considerable part (34%) of all intracranial tumors in people aged over 18 [1, 2]. Their distinctive feature is infiltrative growth into the surrounding white matter of the brain making it difficult to differentiate the boundary between the tumor and the brain tissue. According to the growth rate and the degree of invasion, astrocytic tumors are conditionally divided into slow-growing and fast-growing ones. The first group consists of pilocytic astrocytomas (Grade I) and diffuse astrocytomas (Grade II), while the latter types are anaplastic astrocytomas (Grade III) and glioblastomas (Grade IV) [3]. The higher the degree of malignancy, the more aggressive are both the tumor growth and the nature of invasion.