Bacterial Responses to Different Dietary Cereal Types and Xylanase Supplementation in the Intestine of Broiler Chicken

Abstract

Several studies were carried out to investigate the influence of dietary cereals differing in soluble non starch polysaccharides (NSP) content and a xylanase preparation on selected bacterial parameters in the small intestine of broiler chicken. Compared to a maize diet colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa associated bacteria were higher in a wheat/rye diet, most notably for enterobacteria and enterococci. Xylanase supplementation to the wheat/rye diet generally led to lower CFU, especially in the first week of life. However, xylanase supplementation also displayed higher in vitro growth potentials for enterobacteria and enterococci. Bacterial growth of luminal samples in minimal media supplemented with selected NSP showed that the wheat/rye diet enhanced bacterial capacities to utilize NSP only in ileal samples. The xylanase application generally shifted respective maximum growth to the proximal part of the small intestine. The presence of soluble NSP from wheat or rye in the diet per se did not enhance bacterial NSP hydrolyzing enzyme activities in the small intestine, but xylanase supplementation resulted in higher 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase activity. Compared to a maize diet the activity of bacterial bile salt hydrolases in samples of the small intestine was not increased due to inclusion of wheat/rye or triticale to the diet. However, xylanase supplementation led to a reduction with a corresponding increase of lipase activity. It was concluded that dietary cereals producing high intestinal viscosities lead to increased overall bacterial activity in the small intestine. The supplementation of a xylanase to cereal based diets producing high intestinal viscosity, changes composition and metabolic potential of bacterial populations and may specifically influence fat absorption in young animals.

Xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged byClostridium perfringens

“…Piel et al (2005) showed that ingestion of highly viscous carboxymethylcellulose increased the number of ileal acidomucin and sulfomucin goblet cells and luminal crude mucin in pigs. This is consistent with the results of Ito et al (2009), who found that viscous fibres up-regulated baseline secretion of small intestinal mucins by increasing the number of goblet cells in proportion to their own viscosities. The explanation responsible for the increase in goblet cells after ingestion of viscous water-soluble fibre was hypothesized to be associated with increased intestinal intraluminal pressure by viscous fibres (Ito et al, 2009).…”

“…Numerous studies have shown that diets with high amounts of wheat and barley increase the intestinal content viscosity caused by water-soluble cell wall or non-starch polysaccharides, thereby resulting in a greater incidence of NE than corn-based diets (Kaldhusdal & Hofshagen, 1992;Kaldhusdal & Skjerve, 1996;Engberg et al, 2004;Jia et al, 2009). The mechanism underlying this effect has been suggested to be that high intestinal viscosity reduces nutrient absorption by the host bird, decreases the rate of feed passage (Choct & Annison, 1992;Almirall & Esteve-Garcia, 1994), and may enhance mucus production (Langhout et al, 1999;Piel et al, 2005;Ito et al, 2009), which could lead to increased numbers of anaerobic bacteria in the intestine, particularly C. perfringens (Hü bener et al, 2002;Kocher, 2003;Engberg et al, 2004).…”

“…Exogenic enzymes such as xylanase added to wheatbased feed can reduce digesta viscosity, increase the digesta passage rate, and improve nutrient digestion and absorption, thereby reducing the bacterial population in the small intestine (Bedford & Apajalahti, 2001;Hü bener et al, 2002). Moreover, the non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products may serve as prebiotics (Monsan & Paul, 1995;Bedford, 2000) and indirectly prohibit the growth of certain pathogenic species including C. perfringens (Gibson & Roberfroid, 1995;Engberg et al, 2004).…”

Quantitative molecular assays for evaluating changes in broiler gut microbiota linked with diet and performance

“…Numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the influence of dietary changes on the structure of the gut microbial community, by using microbiological culturing techniques, culture-independent molecular techniques and indirect measurement of bacterial metabolic products (Bjerrum et al 2006;Choct et al 1999;Hubener et al 2002;Zhu et al 2002;Yin et al 2010). However, understanding how diet-induced changes in the composition of the gut bacterial community relate to important metabolic changes, and ultimately to broiler health and performance, is less clear.…”

HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus)

“…Ainsi, soucieuses de connaitre le mode d'action des antibiotiques, ces équipes recherchèrent les modulations de la flore face à de nombreux antibiotiques (Zhou et al, 2007 ;. Puis, dans la continuité, des tests furent entrepris sur de nombreux probiotiques (Gerard et al, 2008 ;Vahjen et al, 2002 ;Lan 33 et al, 2004) et prébiotiques (Hubener et al, 2002) (Van Deun et al, 2008), Clostridium perfringens (Skanseng et al, 2006) ou Escherichia coli (Mellata et al, 2003). animale, la prophylaxie ou la désinfection à outrance ont été favorable à l'apparition de souches multirésistantes et ce, par le simple jeu de la sélection naturelle.…”