j n The Unheavenly City Revisited, perhaps the most ' provocative recent commentary on urban America, Banfield (1974) conceptualizes social class as a &dquo;psychological orientation toward the future.&dquo; Banfield purports to build upon traditional social stratification theory in advancing the &dquo;heuristic hypothesis&dquo; that cultural differences among social classes are a function of different time horizons of members of such classes. Because it suggests that specific political traits are associated with time-horizon classes in a way not revealed by indicators of socioeconomic status, the concept has important implications for both public policy and social stratification theory..
BANFIELD'S CLASS CONCEPTAND ITS IMPLICATIONS Banfield (1974: 52-76) argues that individuals occupy positions on a class continuum according to their degree of future orientation. At one extreme, lower-class individuals are unwilling or unable to visualize the future and instead seek immediate gratification of needs and wants. The greater one's