Bioactive Polysaccharides of American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characterization

Lui, Edmund M.K.; Chike, G.; Jose, Asha; Ahmad, Aznie Aida; Pei, Hua; Sherif, J.; John, Theresa A.; Paul, Ashish

doi:10.5772/50741

The Complex World of Polysaccharides 2012

DOI: 10.5772/50741

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Bioactive Polysaccharides of American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characterization

Edmund M.K. Lui¹,

G. Chike²,

Asha Jose³

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

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Characterization of Water Extractable Crude Polysaccharides from Cherry, Raspberry, and Ginseng Berry Fruits: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Ross

Siow

Brown

et al. 2015

International Journal of Food Properties

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Water extractable crude polysaccharides from three sweet cherry varieties, raspberries, and ginseng berry pulp were evaluated for their chemical composition, structural features, molecular weight, and bioactive properties. The yields of the crude polysaccharides isolated from cherries, raspberries, and ginseng berry pulp ranged from 0.79 to 0.18% on a dry weight fruit basis. All of the crude polysaccharides contained protein, phenolic compounds, and uronic acid. Each crude polysaccharide contained the sugar monomers: rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Of the water extractable polysaccharides obtained from the mature fruits, the crude polysaccharides from the raspberries had the highest molecular weight while the crude polysaccharides from the ginseng berry pulp had the smallest molecular weight. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that the crude polysaccharides contained a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in a D-glucopyranose ring and a protein component. The crude polysaccharides from cherries, raspberries, and ginseng berry pulp were shown to possess antioxidant activity as determined with the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The effect of crude polysaccharides on: (1) caspase 3 activation, which was determined using a hypoxia/reoxygenation model, and (2) immunostimulation, which was determined by evaluating the inflammatory mediator response, were examined. Only crude polysaccharides obtained from certain varieties of sweet cherries inhibited caspase 3 activation in a dose-dependent manner, while only the crude polysaccharides obtained from ginseng berry pulp stimulated immune function. Crude polysaccharides present in small fruits do possess bioactivities that may enhance human health.

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Characterization of Water Extractable Crude Polysaccharides from Cherry, Raspberry, and Ginseng Berry Fruits: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Ross

Siow

Brown

et al. 2015

International Journal of Food Properties

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Using Tox21 High-Throughput Screening Assays for the Evaluation of Botanical and Dietary Supplements

Hubbard

Hsieh

Rider

et al. 2019

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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Introduction: Recent nationwide surveys found that natural products, including botanical dietary supplements, are used by ∼18% of adults. In many cases, there is a paucity of toxicological data available for these substances to allow for confident evaluations of product safety. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has received numerous nominations from the public and federal agencies to study the toxicological effects of botanical dietary supplements. The NTP sought to evaluate the utility of in vitro quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays for toxicological assessment of botanical and dietary supplements.Materials and Methods: In brief, concentration–response assessments of 90 test substances, including 13 distinct botanical species, and individual purported active constituents were evaluated using a subset of the Tox21 qHTS testing panel. The screen included 20 different endpoints that covered a broad range of biologically relevant signaling pathways to detect test article effects upon endocrine activity, nuclear receptor signaling, stress response signaling, genotoxicity, and cell death signaling.Results and Discussion: Botanical dietary supplement extracts induced measurable and diverse activity. Elevated biological activity profiles were observed following treatments with individual chemical constituents relative to their associated botanical extract. The overall distribution of activity was comparable to activities exhibited by compounds present in the Tox21 10K chemical library.Conclusion: Botanical supplements did not exhibit minimal or idiosyncratic activities that would preclude the use of qHTS platforms as a feasible method to screen this class of compounds. However, there are still many considerations and further development required when attempting to use in vitro qHTS methods to characterize the safety profile of botanical/dietary supplements.

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Outbreaks of Root Rot Disease in Different Aged American Ginseng Plants Are Associated With Field Microbial Dynamics

Nasir

Tian

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a perennial plant that is cultivated for medicinal purposes. Unfortunately, outbreaks of root rot disease in American ginseng (AG) reduce yields and result in serious economic losses. Information on the dynamics of soil microbial communities associated with healthy and diseased AG of different ages is limited. The present study explored the differences in field soil microbial community structure, composition, interaction, and their predictive functions associated with healthy and diseased AG at different growth ages. Changes in soil physicochemical properties were also examined to determine the possible reasons for disease outbreaks. Results revealed that in different growth years, the genera of soil-borne pathogens, such as Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Sarocladium, and Fusarium, were increased in diseased AG soil samples in comparison with those in the healthy AG soil samples. In contrast, the abundance of some key and potentially beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus, Chaetomium, Dyella, Kaistobacter, Paenibacillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, was decreased. Additionally, as AG plants age, the relative abundance of symbiotic fungi tended to decrease, while the relative abundance of potential plant pathogenic fungi gradually increased. Various soil properties, such as available phosphorus, the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (N/P), and pH, were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with microbial community composition. Our findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the relationship among the root rot disease outbreaks in American ginseng as well as their corresponding soil microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties.

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Bioactive Polysaccharides of American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characterization

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Characterization of Water Extractable Crude Polysaccharides from Cherry, Raspberry, and Ginseng Berry Fruits: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Characterization of Water Extractable Crude Polysaccharides from Cherry, Raspberry, and Ginseng Berry Fruits: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Using Tox21 High-Throughput Screening Assays for the Evaluation of Botanical and Dietary Supplements

Outbreaks of Root Rot Disease in Different Aged American Ginseng Plants Are Associated With Field Microbial Dynamics

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