Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications and Current Updates in the Field: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Tissue engineering has emerged as an interesting field nowadays; it focuses on accelerating the auto-healing mechanism of tissues rather than organ transplantation. It involves implanting an In Vitro cultured initiative tissue or a scaffold loaded with tissue regenerating ingredients at the damaged area. Both techniques are based on the use of biodegradable, biocompatible polymers as scaffolding materials which are either derived from natural (e.g. alginates, celluloses, and zein) or synthetic sources (e.g. PLGA, PCL, and PLA). This review discusses in detail the recent applications of different biomaterials in tissue engineering highlighting the targeted tissues besides the in vitro and in vivo key findings. As well, smart biomaterials (e.g. chitosan) are fascinating candidates in the field as they are capable of elucidating a chemical or physical transformation as response to external stimuli (e.g. temperature, pH, magnetic or electric fields). Recent trends in tissue engineering are summarized in this review highlighting the use of stem cells, 3D printing techniques, and the most recent 4D printing approach which relies on the use of smart biomaterials to produce a dynamic scaffold resembling the natural tissue. Furthermore, the application of advanced tissue engineering techniques provides hope for the researchers to recognize COVID-19/host interaction, also, it presents a promising solution to rejuvenate the destroyed lung tissues. Graphical abstract

Different Curcumin-Loaded Delivery Systems for Wound Healing Applications: A Comprehensive Review

“…Secondly, the stimuli-responsive properties of some polymers can aid in the preparation of drug-loaded nanohydrogels with controlled and targeted drug release in response to certain stimuli (temperature, pH, light, etc.) [ 88 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ].…”

“…Bioprinting is a new type of technology that allows living cells, biomaterials, and growth factors to be printed in complicated 3D structures. Bioprinting uses a computer-controlled 3D printer to construct 3D structures in a layer-by-layer printing process, which enables a great degree of flexibility and repeatability [ 96 ]. One promising example is the ex vivo approach where the stem cells are extracted from the donor and seeded either on or within a scaffold.…”

Tissue Engineering for Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Tracts

“…Also, lactate, a by-product of many synthetic biopolymers, is admitted to playing a role in cancer progression [16]. Among the available synthetic biomaterials [6,[17][18][19][20], the most common are Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(hydroxyl butyrate) (PHB), poly(hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate) (PHAA), polyglycerol-sebacate (PGS), polydioxanone (PDO), Polyethylene, Glycol (PEG), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET/Dacron), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon), Silicone, Vicryl, and nylon. Some biomaterials can be functionalized, especially by grafting peptides, to improve biocompatibility.…”

Combinational System of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Biodegradable Polymers for Wound Healing: An Updated Review

“…Such scaffolds have advantages for tissue engineering, such as promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation [ 124 ]. Many natural and synthetic polymers produce scaffolds in skin tissue engineering [ 125 , 126 , 127 ]. Scientists produced many biodegradable polymers to transport pharmaceuticals, macromolecules, cells, and enzymes into the body [ 34 ].…”