Black phosphorus as a new broadband saturable absorber for infrared passively Q-switched fiber lasers

Jiang, Tian; Yin, Ke; Zheng, Xin; Yu, Hao; Cheng, Xina

doi:10.48550/arxiv.1504.07341

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[38] The achieved maximum average output power at the wavelength of 639 nm, 1.06 μm and 2.1 μm was 18 mW, 22 mW and 27 mW, respectively, with the respective threshold of 0.66 W, 0. sample and a small emission cross-section of the laser crystal would be possible to generate the large pulse energy. [38] The variation of pulse width of the passively Qswitched lasers at different wavelength was also demonstrated in present results also have some advantages in the aspects of pulse width and peak powers, an order shorter and larger in magnitude, respectively, compared with the recent reported BP Q-switched fiber lasers at the wavelength from 1.5 μm to 1.9 μm, [23]…”

Section: Bp Optical Modulation Visible To Mid-infrared Laserssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…[27] Aiming at the broadband application, graphene, [28,29] topological insulator, [30] and well fabricated carbon nanotubes [31] and MoS2 [32] were developed. Based on the recent studies, [23][24][25][26]33] we found that multi-layered BP has a bandgap of 0.3 eV corresponding to the photon wavelength of 4.1 µm and saturable intensity over 261 GW/cm 2 (several orders larger in magnitude than the developed low dimensional saturable absorbers), which theoretically indicates that BP can be used as a broadband optical modulator for the generation of large laser pulses with the wavelength shorter than 4.1 µm.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Saturable Absorption And Characterization Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Associated with the direct band gap determining the efficient absorption and emission, the results of optical nonlinearities theoretically indicate that BP should be a potential broadband saturable absorber applied in the modulation in the visible to mid-infrared lasers with large pulse energy. However, up to now, only few BP applications were demonstrated in 1.5 to 1.9 µm fiber lasers [23][24][25][26] and there is no any result reported in the bulk lasers either. Here, we report the experimental realization of a BP pulse modulator and its applications in crystal lasers in the wavelength range from the visible to mid-infrared for the first time to our knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Broadband Black Phosphorus Optical Modulator in the Spectral Range from Visible to Mid‐Infrared

Zhang

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

123

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Promising BP fi eld-effect transistors and absorbers for solar cells have already been demonstrated [ 17,19 ] and proposed. [ 20 ] Apart from the promising applications as transistors or absorbers, the nonlinear response of this 2D semiconductor to applied fi elds is also amazing. The possible nonlinear response properties are determined by the crystalline structure based on the Neumann principle. [ 21 ] Structurally, bulk BP crystals belong to the space group C mca, which indicates that the multilayered BP crystal has a center of inversion and has no second-order nonlinearity, including piezoelectric, ferroelectric, Pockels, second harmonic generation, etc. effects. For the third-order nonlinearity, the saturable absorption of BP has been studied recently and the results pointed out that few-layered BP has a nonlinear response in the visible to mid-infrared range with a large saturable intensity, which is defi ned as the optical intensity at the point where the optical absorption coeffi cient is reduced to half of its original value. In addition to the direct bandgap, which determines the effi cient absorption and emission properties, the optical nonlinearity theoretically indicates that BP should be a potential broadband saturable absorber that can be applied for modulating visible to mid-infrared lasers with large pulse energy. However, up to now, only few BP applications have been demonstrated in 1.5-to 1.9-µm fi ber lasers [22][23][24][25] and there are no reports on their use in bulk lasers either. Here, we report for the fi rst time the experimental realization of a BP pulse modulator and its applications in crystal lasers in the wavelength range of the visible to the mid-infrared. The results widen the spectral range of BP applications and experimentally identify that BP is a promising broadband optical modulator in optics beyond electronics. Results and Discussion Characterization of BP Broadband Modulator and Saturable Absorption MeasurementsThe mechanically exfoliated BP fl akes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman shifts after stimulation by a laser with a wavelength of 633 nm are presented in Figure 1 a. From this fi gure, we observe that the peaks appear at 369.2 cm −1 , 439.0 cm −1 , and 467.5 cm −1 , corresponding to one out-of-plane vibration mode A 1 g and two in-plane vibration modes B 2 g and A 2 g , respectively. [ 26,27 ] It is well known that Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional (2D) material, has a direct bandgap that can be tuned by changing the layers and applied strain, which fi lls the lacuna left by graphene topological insulators and transition-metal dichalcogenides. Theoretically, the direct and tunable bandgap should enable broadband applications for optoelectronics with high effi ciencies in the spectral range from the visible to the mid-infrared. Here, a BP broadband optical modulator is experimentally constructed and passively modulated lasers at 639 nm (red), 1.06 µm (near-infrared), and 2.1 µm (mid-infrared) are realized by using a BP optical modulator as the...

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Section: Bp Optical Modulation Visible To Mid-infrared Laserssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Analysis Of the Saturable Absorption And Characterization Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Broadband Black Phosphorus Optical Modulator in the Spectral Range from Visible to Mid‐Infrared

Zhang

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

123

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“…Characteristic peaks of

(361 cm −1 ),

(465 cm −1 ),

(438 cm −1 ) correspond to BP, while (

(115 cm −1 ),

(176 cm −1 ) ,

(226 cm −1 )) correspond to InSe. These results are consistent with the findings of previous works and further suggest that BP is free from oxidation in this sample [ 54 , 55 ]. The broadband optical absorption of the BP/InSe heterostructure was carried out by a UV–VIS–IR spectrometer from 600 to 1650 nm shown in Figure 3 b.…”

Section: Preparation and Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 94%

2D BP/InSe Heterostructures as a Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast Photonics

Shu

Zhong

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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The BP/InSe heterojunction has attracted the attention of many fields in successful combined high hole mobility of black phosphorus (BP) and high electron mobility of indium selenide (InSe), and enhanced the environmental stability of BP. Nevertheless, photonics research on the BP/InSe heterostructure was insufficient, while both components are considered promising in the field. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) BP/InSe heterostructure was fabricated using the liquid-phase exfoliation method. Its linear and non-linear optical (NLO) absorption was characterized by ultraviolet−visible−infrared and Open-aperture Z-scan technology. On account of the revealed superior NLO properties, an SA based on 2D BP/InSe was prepared and embedded into an erbium-doped fiber laser, traditional soliton pulses were observed at 1.5 μm with the pulse duration of 881 fs. Furthermore, harmonic mode locking of bound solitons and dark-bright soliton pairs were also obtained in the same laser cavity due to the cross-coupling effect. The stable mode-locked operation can be maintained for several days, which overcome the low air stability of BP. This contribution further proves the excellent optical properties of 2D BP/InSe heterostructure and provides new probability of developing nano-photonics devices for the applications of double pulses laser source and long-distance information transmission.

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“…So far, the saturable absorption of BP has been demonstrated experimentally by Q-switched or mode-locked lasers from 0.6 to 2.0 μm wavelength. [27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black phosphorus as saturable absorber for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 28 μm

Qin

Xie

Zhang³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

275

112

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Black phosphorus, a newly emerged two-dimensional material, has attracted wide attention as novel photonic material. Here, multilayer black phosphorus is successfully fabricated by liquid phase exfoliation method. By employing black phosphorus as saturable absorber, we demonstrate a passively Q-switched Er-doped ZBLAN fiber laser at the wavelength of 2.8 μm. The modulation depth and saturation fluence of the black phosphorus saturable absorber are measured to be 15% and 9 μJ/cm(2), respectively. The Q-switched fiber laser delivers a maximum average power of 485 mW with corresponding pulse energy of 7.7 μJ and pulse width of 1.18 μs at repetition rate of 63 kHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to demonstrate that black phosphorus can realize Q-switching of 2.8-μm fiber laser. Our research results show that black phosphorus is a promising saturable absorber for mid-infrared pulsed lasers.

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Black phosphorus as a new broadband saturable absorber for infrared passively Q-switched fiber lasers

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Broadband Black Phosphorus Optical Modulator in the Spectral Range from Visible to Mid‐Infrared

Broadband Black Phosphorus Optical Modulator in the Spectral Range from Visible to Mid‐Infrared

2D BP/InSe Heterostructures as a Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast Photonics

Black phosphorus as saturable absorber for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 28 μm

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