Bubbling and frothing liquids

Abstract

We present a discrete particle based method capable of creating very realistic animations of bubbles in fluids. It allows for the generation (nucleation) of bubbles from gas dissolved in the fluid, the motion of the discrete bubbles including bubble collisions and drag interactions with the liquid which could be undergoing complex free surface motion, the formation and motion of coupled foams and the final dissipation of bubbles. This allows comprehensive simulations of dynamic bubble behavior. The underlying fluid simulation is based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. Each particle representing the liquid contains an amount of dissolved gas. Gas is transferred from the continuum fluid model to the discrete bubble model at nucleation sites on the surface of solid bodies. The rate of gas transport to the nucleation sites controls the rate of bubble generation, producing very natural time variations in bubble numbers. Rising bubbles also grow by gathering more gas from the surrounding liquid as they move. This model contains significant bubble scale physics and allows, in principle, the capturing of many important processes that cannot be directly modeled by traditional methods. The method is used here to realistically animate the pouring of a glass of beer, starting with a stream of fresh beer entering the glass, the formation of a dense cloud of bubbles, which rise to create a good head as the beer reaches the top of the glass.

Controlling shapes of air bubbles in a multi-phase fluid simulation

“…Therefore, we do not need to calculate the drag forces of particles which are located in lower portion of air bubble. Hong et al [12] and Cleary et al [3] computed the interaction between water and air bubbles at each SPH particle. Then, as they use in the right-hand image in Fig.…”

Animation of shape-controlled smoke flow

“…Frank et al [16] captured small visual detail with an octree data structure. Impressive effects of bubbles [8][9][10][11][12] ,gases [6] , smoke [4,28] , fluid [1,7,17,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] , fire [14] , explosion [15] were generated. The above devoted to free flows' realistic effects.…”

“…Realistic effects of fluids' free flows have obtained, such as curling smoke [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] , bubbles [8][9][10][11][12] , sparkling fire [13][14][15] and splashing water [16][17][18] . In addition, animators want to get controlled fluid animations and desired artistic effects by controlling the fluid's flowing path or the target shapes.…”

A practical simulation of dispersed bubble flow

“…However, the methods developed to date have focused on handling relatively large bubbles due to the numerical limitations of grid-based solvers. Alternatively, particle-particle interaction models for simulating thousands of small bubbles have also been presented [Müller et al 2005;Cleary et al 2007;Hong et al 2008;Mihalef et al 2009]. However, simulation of millions of dispersed bubbles using these models is impractical, as it requires the direct computation of the interactions among vast collections of particles.…”

“…Zheng et al [2006] developed a regional level set method to capture the very thin interfaces of bubbles, and extended this work by introducing a volume control method for bubbles and foams. Alternatively, based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) [Monaghan 1992], Muller et al [2005 developed a twophase fluid solver and Cleary et al [2007] devised a simulation method for bubbling and frothing liquids. These methods mainly focus on the dynamics of large bubbles or gas-liquid interfaces.…”