Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater: Analytical pitfalls and occurrence in Germany and Portugal

Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products from recycled water and biosolids: a review

“…Additionally, little information exists on the plant uptake of PPCP metabolites, which may be present at levels similar to or even greater than the parent compounds in WWTP effluents (Bahlmann et al, 2014;Miao et al, 2005) or in soils from biotic/abiotic transformations. Considering that some PPCP metabolites have similar biological activity to the parent compound (Bennett et al, 1996), the uptake behaviors of these metabolites and their ecotoxicological and human health risks merit further research.…”

Fate of carbamazepine, its metabolites, and lamotrigine in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: Sorption, leaching and plant uptake

“…Approximately 25e30% of the orally administered dose of carbamazepine is excreted unchanged from the human body while absorbed carbamazepine goes through excessive metabolism (Paltiel et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2008). 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine (EP-CBZ) is a therapeutically active metabolite, which is excreted from the body at approximately 2% of the orally administered dose, and is therefore detected in reclaimed wastewater in concentration range of 50e120 ng L À1 (Bahlmann et al, 2014;Bueno et al, 2012). 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxycarbamazepine (DiOH-CBZ), which is not therapeutically active, is the most common carbamazepine metabolite found in urine (30% of the oral dosage).…”

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

“…The main product ion was observed at m/z 210, which corresponds to the loss of the characteristic carbamoyl group (HNCO, 43 Da); the formation of this fragment was confirmed by Miao and Metcalfe (2003) and Bahlmann et al (2014). These results were also obtained by Breton et al (2005) and Calza et al (2012).…”

“…3). The rupture occurs in the carboxamide side chain with the loss of a NH 2 group, which leads to the formation of m/z 236; this is followed by a further rupture of the structure caused by a loss of 2 CO, and forms the m/z 180 fragment; and finally, by ring opening and loss of CH, which forms m/z 167, as confirmed by Miao and Metcalfe (2003) and Bahlmann et al (2014). Other researchers have also found these fragments in their experiments, such as Rooyen et al (2002), Breton et al (2005) and Niessen (2011), who detected this metabolite in human plasma.…”

“…Groundwater samples contaminated with carbamazepine and five metabolites were collected from the aquifers of Poble Sec and Besòs River Delta, Barcelona, Spain (Jurado et al 2014). Carbamazepine and nine metabolites were also detected in 46 wastewater samples from Germany and Portugal (Bahlmann et al 2014). Pérez-Parada et al (2012) proposed an automated screening strategy target metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in Henares River (Madrid, Spain).…”