Carbonaceous nanomaterials immobilised mixed matrix membrane microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage pond water samples

Development, Optimization and Applications of Thin Film Solid Phase Microextraction (TF-SPME) Devices for Thermal Desorption: A Comprehensive Review

“…There are various different approaches that can be employed toward the desorption of TF-SPME devices, and these techniques are chosen based on the characteristics of the compounds of interest and the composition of the TF-SPME device itself. Aside from TD, the second most common desorption method used for TF-SPME is liquid desorption (LD), commonly used in conjunction with liquid chromatography but also with various separation platforms [20][21][22][23]. LD utilizes an organic solvent (or a mixture of water and multiple organic solvents) to re-extract all compounds from the extraction phase before introduction of the now-analyte enriched liquid phase into an analytical instrument.…”

“…PAHs, a class of hydrophobic semivolatiles that are commonly released into the environment through the combustion of hydrocarbons and other organic matter, continue to rise in their environmental significance as they are readily distributed throughout biosystems and are a known cause of cancer among other mutagenic effects [57]. Since then, many studies have analyzed PAHs from aqueous samples using TF-SPME in various different modes, utilizing PDMS film [16,49,58,59], TF-SPME membrane [20] and an alternative thin film-based sampler using polymer-coated aluminum [45]. In addition, glass fiber reinforced TF-SPME has also been used for the analysis of PAHs in aqueous samples, using polyacrylate coatings to extract PAHs along with organochlorous and organophosphorus pesticides, demonstrating greatly enhanced efficiency with the partition coefficients for the TF-SPME device being up to 15 times higher than the SBSE device [32].…”

“…Less conventional extraction phases have also been introduced, as the recent success of carbonaceous nanomaterials being suitable extraction phases for SPME have led the path toward the development of mixed-mode carbonaceous TF-SPME devices. These carbonaceous TF-SPME devices have in turn been proven to be effective in the extraction of different organic compound classes, an example again being the analysis of PAHs in aqueous samples [20]. Furthermore, the analysis of PAHs have also been performed using other "parallel" thin film technologies, that is, extraction which utilizes a large surface area but does not exemplify the large phase volume needed for enhanced sensitivity.…”

Mixed Matrix Membrane Tip Extraction Coupled with UPLC–MS/MS for the Monitoring of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water Samples

“…One interesting method termed mixed matrix membrane microextraction [12][13][14], which is a simple adsorb/desorb extraction method consisting of the adsorbent being incorporated into the polymer matrix, was reported. The microextraction method was evaluated by dipping a small piece of C 18 -MMM (7 × 7 mm) in a stirred 10 mL sample solution, followed by a desorption process into 100 µL of methanol prior to instrumental analysis.…”

“…The membrane showed a high affinity for NSAIDs in different spiked water samples, with enrichment factors (EFs) from 79 to 82, relative recoveries ranging from 84% to 104%, and RSDs between 0.2% and 8.6% (n = 9). Moreover, single-layer graphene (SLG), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polymeric bonded octadecyl (C 18 ) particles are examples of adsorbents that have successfully immobilized within the extraction membrane device to monitor the ultra-trace level of priority organic pollutants and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters [12,13]. This approach was proven to be a simplified experimental setup with low costs.…”