Cellular uptake, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of insoluble chromic oxide in V79 Chinese hamster cells

Temperature dependence of copper, iron, nickel and chromium transfers into various black and green tea infusions

“…It has to be kept in mind that children retain more of the ingested Cu than do adults as they could retain most metals. The lowest chromium ingestion level from green tea infusions has been very interesting since trivalent chromium also has been under discussion for its mutagenic activity (Warren et al 1981 ;Cupo and Wetterhahn 1983 ;Elias et al 1986 ;Levy and Martin 1987 ;Norseth 1987).…”

DNA damage induced by a chromium(III) Schiff base complex is reversible under physiological condition

“…In most of the cellular test systems, probably due to the inability of Cr(III) to cross plasma membranes, it is believed to be non-mutagenic. As chromium(III) is inactive in most systems, it is probably taken up by cells by phagocytosis [20]. Alternatively, they may complex with organic ligands to penetrate the cell membrane ensuing Cr(III) compounds more effective than Cr(VI) compounds in cell free genotoxicity assays [21].…”

A Possible Role for Chromium(III) in Genotoxicity

“…Nevertheless, Criii compounds can reach the nucleus of cells within target organs (10) and, once inside the cell, Crii" species can be mutagenic (11)(12)(13) and genotoxic (13). Recent evidence suggests that CrIII species, although previously considered "kinetically inert," can readily bind to nucleic acids in vitro and can even act as redox agents when complexed to a conjugated aromatic ligand (11,14).…”