Cellulose (dissolving pulp) manufacturing processes and properties: A mini-review

Chen, Chunxia; Duan, Chao; Li, Jianguo; Liu, Yishan; Ma, Xiaojuan; Zheng, Linqiang; Stavik, Jaroslav; Ni, Yonghao

doi:10.15376/biores.11.2.chen

Cited by 99 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The sulfite process uses sulfurous acid (H2SO3) and bisulfite (HSO3 -) ions to solubilize the lignin; the pulp mechanical properties from this process are inferior to those of the kraft process (Bajpai 2017a). A special grade of chemical pulp, named "dissolving pulp" or "dissolving cellulose," can be obtained from the kraft or sulfite process with an acid pre-hydrolysis step to remove hemicelluloses; this pulp has a high chemical purity and is used in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose or rayon to form textile fibers like viscose or lyocell (Polymer Properties Database 2015; Chen et al 2016a). The organosolv processes use organic solvents such as aromatic alcohols (phenols) or aliphatic alcohols (e.g., ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, or glycerol) and an acid catalyst (e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4)) generally at temperatures less than 185 °C, although higher temperatures may also be used depending on the process and the raw material; these processes provide access to higher-grade lignin than that of the kraft process or sulfite process while still obtaining relatively pure cellulose fibers as the main product (Yoya and Stevanovic 2018).…”

Section: Wood Pulp Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose, nanocellulose, and antimicrobial materials for the manufacture of disposable face masks: A review

Garcia

Stevanović

Berthier

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Cellulose is among the most promising renewable and biodegradable materials that can help meet the challenge of replacing synthetic fibers currently used in disposable N95 respirators and medical face masks. Cellulose also offers key functionalities that can be valued in filtration applications using approaches such as nanofiltration, membrane technologies, and composite structures, either through the use of nanocellulose or the design of functional composite filters. This paper presents a review of the structures and compositions of N95 respirators and medical face masks, their properties, and regulatory standards. It also reviews the use of cellulose and nanocellulose materials for mask manufacturing, along with other (nano)materials and composites that can add antimicrobial functionality to the material. A discussion of the most recent technologies providing antimicrobial properties to protective masks (by the introduction of natural bioactive compounds, metal-containing materials, metal-organic frameworks, inorganic salts, synthetic polymers, and carbon-based 2D nanomaterials) is presented. This review demonstrates that cellulose can be a solution for producing biodegradable masks from local resources in response to the high demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and for producing antimicrobial filters to provide greater protection to the wearer and the environment, reducing cross-contamination risks during use and handling, and environmental concerns regarding disposal after use.

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Section: Wood Pulp Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose, nanocellulose, and antimicrobial materials for the manufacture of disposable face masks: A review

Garcia

Stevanović

Berthier

et al. 2021

BioRes

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“…This segment forms a fast-growing niche market with an annual production of 10.2 million tons in 2019 (Engelhardt 2020). The majority of dissolving pulp is currently obtained from wood by chemical pulping using acid sul te (AS) and pre-hydrolysis kraft (PHK) processes, with the new plants using the PHK technique almost exclusively (Chen et al 2016;Schild et al 2010;Sixta 2006). However, despite a high degree of technical maturity, AS and PHK encounter several drawbacks such as unsatisfactory yields, sulfur-bound lignin, sticky lignin precipitates, degraded hemicelluloses (PHK), non-reusable cooking ingredients, and alarming environmental concerns (AS) (Gellerstedt 2009;Mendes et al 2009;Sixta et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Gamma-valerolactone Under Pulping Conditions as a Basis for Process Optimization and Chemical Recovery

Granatier

Schlapp‐Hackl

Lê

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study investigates the extent of the g-valerolactone (GVL) hydrolysis forming an equilibrium with 4-hydroxyvaleric acid (4-HVA) in aqueous solutions over a wide pH range. The hydrolysis of pure 50 wt% GVL to 4-HVA (3.5 mol%) was observed only at elevated temperatures. The addition of sulfuric acid (0.2×10-5 wt% to 6 wt%) at elevated temperatures (150 – 180°C) and reaction times between 30-180 min caused the formation of 4 mol% 4-HVA but with decreasing acidity, the 4-HVA remained constant at about 3 mol%. The hydrolysis reactions in alkaline conditions were conducted at constant time (30 min) and temperature (180 °C) with variation of the NaOH concentration (0.2×10-6 wt% to 7 wt%). The addition of less than 0.2 wt % of NaOH resulted in the formation of less than 4 mol% of sodium 4-hydroxyvalerate. A maximum amount of 21 mol% of 4-HVA was observed in a 7 wt% NaOH solution. The stability after synthesis was determined by NMR analysis. To verify the GVL stability results obtained under practical conditions, Betula pendula sawdust was fractionated in 50% GVL with and without addition of H2SO4 or NaOH at 180°C and 120 min, and spent liquor was analyzed. The spent liquor contained 5.6 mol% and 6.0 mol% of 4-HVA in a highly acidic (20 kg H2SO4/t wood) and alkaline (192 kg NaOH/ t wood) environment, respectively.

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“…(3) Use of recyclable IL: regenerated cellulose spinning is performed industrially by the dissolution of the pulp and regeneration using, for example, the well-known Viscose or Lyocell process or others which may present issues related to toxicity, explosion/flammability, hazards and non-recyclable chemical reagents/byproducts 17,[48][49][50][51][52] . From 2002, Ionic Liquids (ILs) were described to dissolve cellulose 53 , and ever since ILs are increasingly investigated for the production of biopolymer-based composite materials and regenerated fibers [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coaxial Spinning of All-Cellulose Systems for Enhanced Toughness: Filaments of Oxidized Nanofibrils Sheathed in Cellulose II Regenerated from a Protic Ionic Liquid

et al. 2020

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Hydrogels of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TO-CNF) were stabilized for dry-jet wet spinning using a shell of cellulose dissolved in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium propionate ([DBNH][CO2Et]), a protic ionic liquid (PIL). Coagulation in an acidic water bath resulted in continuous core-shell filaments (CSF) that were tough and flexible: average dry (and wet) toughness of ~11 (2) MJ . m -3 and elongation of ~9 ( 14) %. CSF morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability, crystallinity, and bacterial activity were assessed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, wide angle X-ray scattering and bacterial cell culturing, respectively. The coaxial wet spinning yields PIL-free systems carrying on the surface the cellulose II polymorph, which not only enhances the toughness of the filaments but facilities their functionalization.apply a strategy based on the principles of the circular economy. Bio-based materials and, in particular, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have become excellent candidates in this regard, as they could partially replace materials based on non-renewable resources. Indeed, CNMs enable high-performance, green functional materials with a broad spectrum of applications, e.g., electronics, biomedical and tissue engineering scaffolds, coatings, food, textiles, and even in daily use goods [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] .Cellulose resources have the potential of becoming a platform to develop novel CNMs with high mechanical performance since nanocellulose, in its cellulose I crystalline phase, possess an elastic modulus of about 150 GPa and 18-50GPa in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively 9,10 . The regioselective C6 oxidation of nanocellulose fibers can be additionally catalyzed by the use of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) nitroxyl radical to produce hydrogels with high transparency 11 , an extensive degree of fibrillation 12 , and low cytotoxicity 13 . These TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TO-CNF) are suitable for applications in diverse fields such as packaging 3,4,[14][15][16] , textiles [17][18][19][20] , biosensing and bioelectronics 21,22 , fire retardancy 23 , wound dressing and cell delivery [24][25][26] , among others 3 . Despite its excellent mechanical properties, materials derived from nanocellulose and, in particular, TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose, have several drawbacks inherent to its nature. For instance, these materials are mostly hydrophilic owing to the high concentration of hydroxyl and carboxylate groups; this causes mechanical instability of the formed materials under wet/humid conditions, and exhibit rather low aspect ratios compared to dissolved polymers. The limited aspect ratio makes it difficult to create oriented structures of cellulose nanofibrils by drawing 27,28 . Many attempts to overcome hydrophilicity challenges have been made through appr...

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Cellulose (dissolving pulp) manufacturing processes and properties: A mini-review

Cited by 99 publications

References 39 publications

Cellulose, nanocellulose, and antimicrobial materials for the manufacture of disposable face masks: A review

Cellulose, nanocellulose, and antimicrobial materials for the manufacture of disposable face masks: A review

Stability of Gamma-valerolactone Under Pulping Conditions as a Basis for Process Optimization and Chemical Recovery

Coaxial Spinning of All-Cellulose Systems for Enhanced Toughness: Filaments of Oxidized Nanofibrils Sheathed in Cellulose II Regenerated from a Protic Ionic Liquid

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