Cervical Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder Grade 2

Abstract

It appears that the cervical muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorder Grade 2 is not related to the specific trauma mechanism. Rather, cervical muscle dysfunction appears to be a general sign in diverse chronic neck pain syndromes.

Characterization of Acute and Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders

“…57,80 Longitudinal data demonstrate that these changes are apparent from very soon after injury, 80 with greater deficits in those reporting higher levels of pain and disability.…”

The association between self-reported low back pain and lower limb disability as well as the association between neck pain and upper limb disability

“…[22] There could be an increasing in this loading with an impaired scapular control due to altered muscle activation patterns because of neck pain. [8,23,24] It may result in inhibition of using the upper limbs to prevent the neck from the pain. It is also known that neck pain can result in symptoms being referred into the upper limbs.…”

Thoracic dysfunction in whiplash associated disorders: a systematic review

“…• Control n = 20, 16±3% • S-LANSS >12 n = 29-56.5 (28) • S-LANSS <12 n = 56-35.3 (19) (Continued) specifically associated with central sensitisation (allodynia) where pain prevalence was 71% in individuals with CWADI/II [33]. Chest pain.…”