Characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk’s properties and evaluation of its suitability to be used as raw material for cross laminated timber production

Srivaro, Suthon; Tomad, Jaipet; Shi, Jingbo; Cai, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119291

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…has a higher density than the inner position. The density variability of FVB from S. salacca frond similar is similar to the coconut tree (Fathi et al 2014;Srivaro et al 2020) as well as oil palm trunk (Ramle et al 2012;Abe et al 2013;Srivaro et al 2018a), and this density is influenced by percentage vascular area and fiber area. Srivaro et al (2018b) stated anatomical variability in a palm tree depends on the size of the vascular bundle.…”

Section: The Variability Of Anatomical and Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Hakim L, Widyorini R, Nugroho WD, Prayitno TA. 2021. Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3594-3603. Fibrovascular bundles have properties variability not only based on species and varieties but also parts of species. This study, therefore, aims to characterize the FVB fundamental properties (anatomical, chemical, physical and mechanical) of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss fronds, based on radial direction. The salacca fronds were divided into three parts, outer, middle as well as inner positions. Then the FVB's anatomical and physical properties were observed by light microscope and gravimetry analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, the variability of chemical and mechanical properties was investigated based on the ASTM standard. According to the results, the outer position has a higher variability of diameter, density, cellulose, lignin, and mechanical properties than the inner position, but has a lower hemicellulose value than the middle and inner position. Furthermore, the relationships between the anatomical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were discovered to form a pattern where increasing the mechanical properties is influenced by density and ratio vascular tissue area to total transverse area. Based on the results, the fibrovascular bundle of S. zalacca frond was concluded to possess anatomical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties variability on the radial direction. There was a correlation between anatomical properties and mechanical properties.

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Section: The Variability Of Anatomical and Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

et al. 2021

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“…Because such defects are absent in coconut wood, the lumber grading evaluation system used should be different than normal wood. It has been reported that coconut wood properties are strongly related to its density (Fathi 2014;Srivaro et al 2020). This implies that grading based on density can be useful for predicting other properties of coconut wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fiber is darker, stiffer, and stronger than parenchyma cells (Fathi 2014). Generally, fibers are concentrated in the periphery zone, and their number decreases in the central zone (Meylan 1978;Fathi 2014;Srivaro et al 2020). As a result, coconut wood color at the outer zone is darker than that of inner zone and has higher strength (Meylan 1978;Killmann 1983;Fathi 2014;Srivaro et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, fibers are concentrated in the periphery zone, and their number decreases in the central zone (Meylan 1978;Fathi 2014;Srivaro et al 2020). As a result, coconut wood color at the outer zone is darker than that of inner zone and has higher strength (Meylan 1978;Killmann 1983;Fathi 2014;Srivaro et al 2020). To utilize this wood material, suitable property grading rules for coconut wood need to be established, as otherwise, uncertainty in properties could be expected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Color variance of dry coconut wood and its relationship with the density

Srivaro

Jantawee

Tomad

et al. 2020

BioRes

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The color variance of dry coconut wood and its relationship with the wood density was explored. Coconut trunks with two different ages of 30 and 60 years old were selected for the experiment. Wood color was measured by the CIE L*a*b* or CIELAB color system on both the transverse (longitudinal-tangential plane) and cross (tangential-radial plane) sections. The results showed that all color parameters (L*, a*, b*) tended to decrease with increasing wood density for both sections in which the value on transverse section was slightly higher. At a given density, the color value of the older trunk was lower. All color parameters appeared to be related with density in a linear relationship with relatively low R2 for both ages. The best correlation was observed for the b*-density relationship on cross sectional samples for both trunk ages, showing R2 values of 0.53 to 0.60. This implies that it might be possible to use this color parameter as input for the grading of coconut wood’s density.

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“…According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the global cultivation area of coconut in 2014 was 12 million hectares with a total output of 60 million tons of coconut (whole fruit). Indonesia and the Philippines are the top two coconutproducing countries, and their coconut production in 2014 were up to 19.1 tons and 14.7 tons according to the statistics division of FAO (FAOSTAT) 2017 (Bourdeix and Prades 2018;Srivaro et al 2020). In southern China, annually, a great deal of coconut husk waste is disposed into the environment, though some part of it is recycled and processed for the fabrication of low value-added products, e.g., activated carbon, mattresses, brushes, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes from coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir: Fractionation, structural elucidation, and potential applications

Zhou

Rao

et al. 2020

BioRes

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Coconut coir, a major type of tropical lignocellulosic waste, has been restricted from higher-value applications due to its chemical complexity and inherent variability. To better disclose the chemical relationships between polysaccharides and lignin in coir and further exploit its high value-added bio-based materials, two lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) designated as glucan-lignin (GL) and xylan-lignin (XL) were successively isolated from coir via a simplified and quantitative fractionation method. The characterization of chemical composition, molecular weight distribution, and constituent substructures of the isolated LCC fractions were examined, and the lignin-carbohydrate (LC) chemical linkages were revealed as γ-esters by a 2D heteronuclear singular quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR technique. Furthermore, XL was demonstrated as a more competitive candidate than GL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) removal in comparison with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, a commercial antioxidant), and was also featured as a more promising reinforcing agent for elevating the adsorption property of polyacrylamide-based hydrogels via the synergistic effect of physical and hydrogen bonding adsorptions.

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Characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk’s properties and evaluation of its suitability to be used as raw material for cross laminated timber production

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Color variance of dry coconut wood and its relationship with the density

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes from coconut (Cocos nucifera) coir: Fractionation, structural elucidation, and potential applications

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