Childrenʼs adrenocortical responses to classroom activities and tests in elementary school.

Tennes, Katherine; Kreye, Maria

doi:10.1097/00006842-198509000-00005

Cited by 114 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The finding of low post-awakening cortisol levels in the DP + subgroup are in line with other studies that have found low cortisol levels in antisocial children (McBurnett et al, 2000;Pajer et al, 2001;Tennes et al, 1986;Tennes and Kreye, 1985). Notably, low cortisol levels were only observed in the first hour after awakening, whereas during the rest of the day the levels were not significantly different between groups, emphasizing the need for repetitive cortisol sampling over the day in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Some studies in minors demonstrated low cortisol levels in resting conditions to be associated with antisocial behavior (Pajer et al, 2001;McBurnett et al, 2000;Tennes et al, 1986;Tennes and Kreye, 1985), whereas others did not report a significant relationship (Azar et al, 2004;Schulz et al, 1997;Kruesi et al, 1989;Scerbo and Kolko, 1994;Klimes-Dougan et al, 2001;Stoff et al, 1992). In a recent longitudinal study, low cortisol levels in preadolescence were found to be associated with low harm avoidance, low self-control, and more aggressive behavior when reaching middle adolescence 5 years later (Shoal et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Patterns of low hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity have been observed in antisocial groups. As conflicting results have been reported in children and adolescents, the aim of this study was to further investigate HPA activity in antisocial behavior by studying the relationship between the diurnal cortisol cycle, as well as the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and antisocial behavior in male adolescents. The diurnal cortisol cycle and the CAR during the first hour after awakening were compared between 12-to 14-year-old boys who attended a delinquency diversion program (DP), with and without a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) (respectively DP + ; n ¼ 24 and DPÀ; n ¼ 65), and matched normal controls (NC; n ¼ 32). The DP + group, but not the DPÀ group, showed a significantly slower decrease of cortisol during the diurnal cycle than the NC group. Furthermore, the DP + group had significantly lower cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening as compared with the NC group. The results indicate altered HPA activity in delinquent boys with a DBD. Etiological mechanisms, directions for future research, and clinical implications are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Consistent with this hypothesis, low salivary cortisol concentrations have been found in children with oppositional behavior (Tennes and Kreye, 1985;van Goozen et al, 1998) and conduct disorder (McBurnett et al, 1991). However, a small investigation in adults (Oswald et al, 2004) and a number of studies in children have also found extroversion to be positively associated with cortisol levels, particularly when cortisol is sampled in peer-group settings (Gunnar, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Temperament and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in healthy adults

Tyrka

Mello

Gagne

et al. 2006

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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SummaryBackground-Traits such as behavioral inhibition and neuroticism have been linked to the development of mood and anxiety disorders. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a manifestation of the stress response, is often seen in major depression and has also been demonstrated in animals and humans with inhibited temperaments. A recent study found HPA hyperactivity in adults with high levels of neuroticism. The present study investigated associations of temperament and HPA function in 31 healthy adults.Methods and materials-Subjects completed diagnostic interviews, questionnaires, and the dexamethasone-/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test. Temperament was assessed using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Results-NoveltySeeking was inversely related to plasma cortisol concentrations in the Dex/CRH test. Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were not significantly associated with cortisol responses in the Dex/CRH test. The results were not accounted for by psychiatric symptoms or a history of stress or childhood maltreatment.Conclusions-These findings are consistent with previous reports associating temperament factors with HPA axis hyperactivity. Further work is needed to replicate these observations and determine whether HPA axis dysfunction might account for some of the previously reported association of personality factors with mood and anxiety disorders.

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“…Cortisol levels and externalizing behavior have been assessed in children with clinical levels of problem behavior (e.g., Birmaher et al, 1994;McBurnett et al, 1996;Van de Wiel et al, 2004) and in normally developing children (e.g., Granger, Stansbury, & Henker, 1994;Hart et al, 2005;Tennes & Kreye, 1985). Clinical levels of problem behavior have been shown to be related to altered biological functions (Cicchetti & Walker, 2003;Goodyer, 2002;Keenan, 2000).…”

Section: Sample Moderatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta‐analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior

Alink

IJzendoorn

Bakermans‐Kranenburg

et al. 2008

Developmental Psychobiology

316

303

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An inverse relation between cortisol (re)activity and externalizing behavior has been hypothesized, but research findings seem equivocal. We tested this hypo(re)activity hypothesis in two meta-analyses, one for basal cortisol (k ¼ 72 studies, N ¼ 5,480) and one for cortisol reactivity to a stressor (k ¼ 29 studies, N ¼ 2,601). No association was found between cortisol reactivity and externalizing behaviors (r ¼ À.04, 95% CI ¼ À.11, .02). However, the relation between basal cortisol and externalizing behavior was significant but small (r ¼ À.05, 95% CI ¼ À.10, À.002). The age of the children significantly moderated this relation: Externalizing behavior was associated with higher basal cortisol (hyperactivity) in preschoolers (r ¼.09, 95% CI ¼ .002, .17), and with lower basal cortisol (hypoactivity) in elementary school-aged children (r ¼ À.14, 95% CI ¼ À.19, À.08). There was no significant relation between cortisol and externalizing behavior in adolescents. ß

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Childrenʼs adrenocortical responses to classroom activities and tests in elementary school.

Cited by 114 publications

References 17 publications

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Temperament and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in healthy adults

Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta‐analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior

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