Chronic toxicity of metolachlor OA on growth, ontogenetic development, antioxidant biomarkers and histopathology of early life stages of marbled crayfish

Effects of metazachlor and its major metabolite metazachlor OA on early life stages of marbled crayfish

“…The reduced antioxidant levels in exposed crayfish were related to detoxification of oxidative stress, suggesting that the tested substances affect antioxidant defence systems. A similar trend to reduced antioxidant biomarker levels not accompanied by LPO has been reported in decapods after pesticide exposure 33,36,37,[57][58][59][60] . These effects have also been confirmed in fish after triazine exposure 54 .…”

“…Decapods can serve as an excellent model species to increase the ecotoxicological knowledge base 33,[35][36][37] . They are large and easily reared in the laboratory, making them useful not only for toxicity testing, but as an invertebrate model for disciplines including genetics, development, and cell biology 35 .…”

“…Information on the sensitivity of marbled crayfish to chemicals is scarce, but it seems to be a suitable model organism for the evaluation of responses to pesticides and drugs, due to its availability and genetic uniformity 35 . The marbled crayfish is used in ecotoxicological studies 33,36,37,39 , and it can be expected that its exploitation for this purpose will increase. Mean activity level (A), mean total distance moved (B) and mean walking speed (C) of marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis of control and exposed to metazachlor (M1-0.0115 μmol/l, M2-0.0790 μmol/l) and metazachlor OA (MOA1-0.0117 μmol/l, MOA2-0.0805 μmol/l).…”

“…Different superscripts indicate significant (P < 0.05) differences. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Research indicates that early ontogenetic development is a sensitive parameter for evaluating the effects of herbicides on fish [45][46][47][48] and crayfish 36,37,44 . In the present study, crayfish exposed to metazachlor and metazachlor OA at both tested concentrations showed significant delay in development.…”

“…Studies of chronic exposure to herbicides or other pollutants often use sophisticated observations such as grazing and exploration behaviour 49,50 . We previously investigated basic behaviour patterns such as activity level and locomotion 37 . In the present study, we observed possible impairment of sensory-mediated behaviour resulting in a concentration-dependent decreased pattern of movement.…”