Click Chemistry in Macromolecular Design: Complex Architectures from Functional Polymers

Abstract

This contribution reviews the applications of click chemistry reactions in design and synthesis of various macromolecular architectures that hold key aspects in polymer science. By considering the emerging concepts that shape how synthetic polymer chemistry and macromolecular engineering utilize 'reactions' in 'fabrication', in the last decade, the click chemistry methodologies have been pioneered the chemical approaches that allow to access diverse complex macromolecules. The common and leading features of click chemistry reactions rely on efficient, fast, selective and easy to implement chemical transformations giving very high to quantitative coupling efficiencies. These are essential virtues that provide triumphing in macromolecular engineering, since the building blocks are usually large polymer chains. For the efficient building of complex macromolecules via click reactions, properly functionalized polymers are key components in which special design is required to successful installation of 'clickable' reactive groups on polymer end groups or side chains. In this report, the synthetic methods encompassing various click chemistry reactions in fabrication and applications of a range of complex macromolecular architectures have been reviewed.

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Based Hydrogel Copolymeric for Controlled Delivery of Galantamine Hydrobromide in Dementia

“…Such demerits are usually overcome by using diverse polymers in controlled release systems. Utilization of polymers has highly impacted the advancement of modern medicine and has led towards increased patient compliance [3,4]. Biocompatible polymers are widely employed in controlled release systems, which can release drug over long intervals of time.…”

Amphiphilic well‐defined degradable star block copolymers by combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization: Synthesis and application as drug delivery carriers

“…Convenient techniques such as “click” chemistry reactions can be also used in combination with ROP and ATRP to prepare star BCPs (Figure 2(ii)) by linking different polymeric segments which are synthesized separately 59 or to introduce specific functionalities at the chain‐end of the stars 60 . “Click” reactions are ideal for the direct functionalization of polymers, providing an efficient method for coupling of a wide range of molecules with complementary functionality in a regiospecific reaction under mild conditions 61 …”

“…60 "Click" reactions are ideal for the direct functionalization of polymers, providing an efficient method for coupling of a wide range of molecules with complementary functionality in a regiospecific reaction under mild conditions. 61 Recently, Sun Rui and co-workers prepared welldefined tunable 7-arm PCL-b-poly(tBA)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) star BCPs by combination of ROP, ATRP, and "click" reaction. 62 A 7-arm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) molecule was used for the ROP of ε-caprolactone (CL), followed by esterification and ATRP of tBA.…”

Investigation of Base-free Copper-Catalysed Azide–Alkyne Click Cycloadditions (CuAAc) in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green and Catalytic Reaction Media

“…[45] Moreover, 1,2,3-triazoles have found application to a wide variety of research areas, including organic and pharmaceutical chemistry, bioconjugation, drug discovery, polymer, nano-and material sciences. [44][45][46][47][48][49] CuAAc click reactions have been explored and analyzed in many different green solvents and reaction media, including DESs. [50] The investigated liquids (choline chloride/glycerol, D-sorbitol/urea and L-carnitine/urea), used in the presence of a base and of CuI, promoted the cyclization with excellent yields, comparable with those observed using the conventional volatile organic solvents, showing also excellent recycle capabilities.…”