Coexistence of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg imbalances in patients with post traumatic sepsis

CD4 T cell loss and Th2 and Th17 bias are associated with the severity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)

“…However, no studies have shown that the Th1/Th2 ratio has the potential to predict death. In addition, several studies indicated that Th17/Tregs imbalance is significantly correlated with the severity of traumatic haemorrhagic shock and ARDS in patients [16,38]. Furthermore, similar to previous studies that related to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACHBLF) patients and ARDS patients [38,39], an increased Treg/Th17 ratio was associated with the survival of SFTS patients.…”

“…In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that considerable plasticity exists within CD4 T-cell subsets in vivo, especially during responses to pathogens [14,15]. Previous studies have suggested that the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Tregs balances are critical for the maintenance of immune T cell homeostasis in a number of different autoimmune diseases and viral infections [16][17][18]. A deep understanding of the changes in Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs in SFTS patients is needed to develop effective antiviral strategies and immune regulation methods to eliminate the virus and protect the host from excessive inflammatory damage.…”

A conceptual time window‐based model for the early stratification of trauma patients

“…Recent studies have also highlighted the induction of type 3 or Th17 immune responses after trauma with increased expression of IL‐17A and IL‐22 . Th17 effector cytokines play a role in the maintenance of mucosal immunity, and their dysregulation may be a contributing factor in organ failure and sepsis .…”

Mould Infections of Traumatic Wounds: A Brief Narrative Review

“…Although still to be fully elucidated, the pathogenesis of mould infections following trauma injuries presents unique features compared with classical mould infections occurring in immunocompromised or diabetic patients, because a large fraction of post-traumatic mould infections is observed in previously healthy individuals [33]. In this regard, it has been observed that trauma injuries can affect the immune system, impairing both innate and adaptive immune responses [39,40]. In addition, severe trauma may impair phagocyte function through rhabdomyolysis-induced acidosis, which also causes a release of free iron (potentially favouring Mucorales infection) [41].…”