Cognitive aging in older Black and White persons.

Wilson, Robert S.; Capuano, Ana W.; Sytsma, Joel; Bennett, David A.; Barnes, Lisa L.

doi:10.1037/pag0000024

Cited by 47 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Retest learning was assessed using two modeling approaches (Wilson, Capuano, Sytsma, Bennett, & Barnes, 2015). First, to determine the existence and duration (in years) of the retest effect, we constructed a mixed-effects change point model that permitted the cognitive slope to shift.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Cognitive Abilities in Older Latinos

Wilson

Capuano

Márquez

et al. 2015

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objective To compare patterns of cognitive decline in older Latinos and non-Latinos. Method At annual intervals for a mean of 5.7 years, older Latino (n=104) and non-Latino (n=104) persons of equivalent age, education, and race completed a battery of 17 cognitive tests from which previously established composite measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability were derived. Results In analyses adjusted for age, sex, and education, performance declined over time in each cognitive domain, but there were no ethnic group differences in initial level of function or annual rate of decline. There was evidence of retest learning following the baseline evaluation, but neither the magnitude nor duration of the effect was related to Latino ethnicity, and eliminating the first two evaluations, during which much of retest learning occurred, did not affect ethnic group comparisons. Compared to the non-Latino group, the Latino group had more diabetes (38.5% vs 25.0, χ2 [1] = 4.4, p=0.037), fewer histories of smoking (24.0% vs 39.4%, χ2 [1]= 5.7, p=0.017), and lower childhood household socioeconomic level (−0.410 vs −0.045, t [185.0] = 3.1, p=0.002), but controlling for these factors did not affect results. Conclusion Trajectories of cognitive aging in different abilities are similar in Latino and non-Latino individuals of equivalent age, education, and race.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Cognitive Abilities in Older Latinos

Wilson

Capuano

Márquez

et al. 2015

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…However, the results have been mixed, with some studies suggesting faster decline in whites [5,6] but others suggesting faster decline in blacks [7,8] or no difference between blacks and whites [7,9,10]. There are only a few studies comparing rates of late-life cognitive decline among international cohorts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe prevalence of dementia varies around the world, potentially contributed to by international differences in rates of age-related cognitive decline. Our primary goal was to investigate how rates of age-related decline in cognitive test performance varied among international cohort studies of cognitive aging. We also determined the extent to which sex, educational attainment, and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE*4) carrier status were associated with decline.Methods and findingsWe harmonized longitudinal data for 14 cohorts from 12 countries (Australia, Brazil, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Spain, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States), for a total of 42,170 individuals aged 54–105 y (42% male), including 3.3% with dementia at baseline. The studies began between 1989 and 2011, with all but three ongoing, and each had 2–16 assessment waves (median = 3) and a follow-up duration of 2–15 y. We analyzed standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and memory, processing speed, language, and executive functioning test scores using linear mixed models, adjusted for sex and education, and meta-analytic techniques. Performance on all cognitive measures declined with age, with the most rapid rate of change pooled across cohorts a moderate -0.26 standard deviations per decade (SD/decade) (95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.35, -0.16], p < 0.001) for processing speed. Rates of decline accelerated slightly with age, with executive functioning showing the largest additional rate of decline with every further decade of age (-0.07 SD/decade, 95% CI [-0.10, -0.03], p = 0.002). There was a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the associations across cohorts, including a slightly faster decline (p = 0.021) on the MMSE for Asians (-0.20 SD/decade, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.12], p < 0.001) than for whites (-0.09 SD/decade, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.02], p = 0.009). Males declined on the MMSE at a slightly slower rate than females (difference = 0.023 SD/decade, 95% CI [0.011, 0.035], p < 0.001), and every additional year of education was associated with a rate of decline slightly slower for the MMSE (0.004 SD/decade less, 95% CI [0.002, 0.006], p = 0.001), but slightly faster for language (-0.007 SD/decade more, 95% CI [-0.011, -0.003], p = 0.001). APOE*4 carriers declined slightly more rapidly than non-carriers on most cognitive measures, with processing speed showing the greatest difference (-0.08 SD/decade, 95% CI [-0.15, -0.01], p = 0.019). The same overall pattern of results was found when analyses were repeated with baseline dementia cases excluded. We used only one test to represent cognitive domains, and though a prototypical one, we nevertheless urge caution in generalizing the results to domains rather than viewing them as test-specific associations. This study lacked cohorts from Africa, India, and mainland China.ConclusionsCognitive performance declined with age, and more rapidly with increasing age, across samples from diverse ethnocultural groups and geographical regions. Associations varied a...

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“…The discrepancies in the current literature may also be due to the fact that several of these studies have used either small sample sizes ( Early et al 2013 – 116 black and 184 white; Wilson, Capuano, Sytsma, Bennett, & Barnes, 2015 – 647 black and 647 white) or been conducted in special populations, such as Medicare beneficiaries ( Wolinsky et al, 2011 ), elders with mild cognitive impairment (Lee et al, 2012) or those clinically diagnosed with dementia as compared to those with normal cognition ( Wilson et al, 2010 ). In addition, most of these studies have conducted secondary analyses of the same parent study, e.g., AHEAD data, but do not consistently report similar findings ( Alley et al, 2007 , Karlamangla et al, 2009 , Sloan and Wang, 2005 , Wolinsky et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collectively, the evidence points to robust cross-sectional or baseline differences, such that older blacks have lower cognitive-test scores than whites ( Alley et al, 2007 , Karlamangla et al, 2009 , Masel and Peek, 2009 , Sloan and Wang, 2005 , Weuve et al, 2018 , Wilson et al, 2015 , Wolinsky et al, 2011 ). Moreover, a recent systematic review of dementia incidence and prevalence in the U.S. indicates a higher risk of cognitive disease among blacks ( Mehta & Yeo, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black-white mental status trajectories: What ages do differences emerge?

Byrd

Gee

Tarraf

2018

SSM - Population Health

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ObjectivesStudies of older U.S. adults have consistently found that African Americans perform worse on cognitive measures than whites, but there are inconsistencies as to whether these findings hold over time. Moreover, studies have focused on adults 51 and older, without considering younger ages; thus it is unclear the age at which these disparities surface. The present study examines black-white disparities in mental status trajectories among adults as young as 25 years over a 25-year period.MethodData come from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL) (n = 3,617). Participants, ranging from ages 25–100 years old at baseline, were followed from 1986 to 2011 over 5 waves. Mental status was assessed at each wave using a 5-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Growth models were used to estimate the associations between age, race, baseline status, and longitudinal changes in mental status, controlling for sociodemographic (e.g., education, income) and other health risk factors (diabetes, stroke, tobacco use, depression).ResultsRacial disparities were seen beginning in midlife and this relationship was curvilinear. Specifically, blacks had a steeper rate of mental status decline than whites and these disparities persisted after accounting for social and health risk factors (b = 0.0090, p < 0.0001).DiscussionStudy findings demonstrate disparities emerge at middles ages and worsen as age increases. This finding highlights the importance of addressing racial disparities in cognition across a larger part of the adult life course. By doing so, we may better be able to capture early-life exposures that influence later-life cognitive outcomes and ultimately lead to disparities.

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Cognitive aging in older Black and White persons.

Cited by 47 publications

References 49 publications

Change in Cognitive Abilities in Older Latinos

Change in Cognitive Abilities in Older Latinos

Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study

Black-white mental status trajectories: What ages do differences emerge?

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