Cognitive Stimulation and Cognitive and Functional Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study

Treiber, Katherine; Carlson, Michelle C.; Corcoran, Chris; Norton, Maria C.; Breitner, John C.S.; Piercy, Kathleen W.; DeBerard, M. Scott; Stein, David M.; Foley, Beth; Welsh‐Bohmer, Kathleen A.; Frye, Amber M.; Lyketsos, Constantine G.; Tschanz, JoAnn T.

doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr023

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…So, the level of CR influenced the severity of dementia. Education, occupation attainment and LA are the most commonly used proxies for CR and our study was consistent with other studies which showed that high levels of CR, education, high PLA and substantively complex work (eg, "Intermediate level professions, intellectual and scientific activity") influenced the rate of cognitive decline in persons with AD 7,11,12 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A research has indicated that high PLA is associated with more rapid cognitive decline than in those with lower PLA 9 and some studies have shown that AD patients with higher education have a more rapid cognitive decline 3,10 than those with lower education, because at any level of clinical severity, the underlying progression is more advanced in patients with higher education, which has been attributed to harbouring a higher pathological burden at the time of clinical dementia for subjects with higher education 3 . Other authors 7,11 concluded that education slows the rate of cognitive decline in person with AD and Treiber and colleagues 12 proved that the increased engagement in cognitive LA through late life was associated with slower deterioration in general cognitive ability in mild dementia. Sobral and Paúl 7 found that AD patients with high education and high PLA may benefit from a slower cognitive and functional decline after diagnosis of AD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive reserve and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease

Sobral

Pestana

Paúl

2015

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly 1 and a clinical syndrome caused by neurodegeneration and characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and capacity for independent living. The course of AD is not the same in every person, but symptoms seem to develop over the same general stages. Cognitive reserve (CR) is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform of cognitive aging and describes the capacity of the adult brain to deal with the effects of the neurodegenerative process and to minimize the clinical manifestation of pathology of dementia that is probably the result of innate intelligence or life experience 2 . The CR hypothesis suggests that individual differences in the ability to cope with AD pathology 2,3 are consistent with the prediction that people with more reserve can cope with advancing AD pathology longer before it is expressed clinically 3,4,5 . CR is not fixed, but continues to evolve across the lifespan 5 . Variables pertaining to lifetime experience (education, occupation attainment and leisure activities) 4,5 are the most commonly used proxies for CR and help retain cognitive function in old age. Epidemiological studies suggest that lifelong experiences, including educational, occupational attainment and leisure activities (LA) in later life, can increase reserve 4 . Greater understanding of the concept of CR could lead to ABSTRACTAlzheimer´s disease (AD) is a clinical syndrome caused by neurodegeneration and characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and capacity for independent living. Cognitive reserve (CR) describes the capacity of the adult brain to cope with the effects of the neurodegenerative process and to minimize the clinical manifestation of pathology of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CR and the severity of AD. Method: This study was cross-sectional. Functional and neuropsychological abilities of 75 outpatients with probable AD diagnosis were evaluated. Patients completed two questionnaires, "Participation in leisure activities throughout life" and CR Questionnaire. Result: The relationship between Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the level of CR was statistically significant (likelihood ratio (LR), p = 0.015). Conclusion: The level of CR influenced the severity of dementia. This study suggests that AD patients with higher CR may benefit against cognitive decline after diagnosis of AD.Keywords: Alzheimer´s disease, cognitive reserve, education, leisure activities, lifelong occupation. RESUMODoença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma síndrome neurodegenerativa caracterizada por uma deterioração progressiva das capacidades cognitivas e das competências para uma vida independente. A reserva cognitiva (RC) descreve a capacidade do cérebro adulto em lidar com os efeitos deste processo neurodegenerativo e minimizar a manifestação clínica da patologia de demência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre RC e a severidade da DA. Método: Este estudo foi tra...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive reserve and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease

Sobral

Pestana

Paúl

2015

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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“…Treiberet et al [8] reported that active cognitive stimulation might keep the functioning of persons with dementia from outright degeneration. Physical activities such as walking, housework or gardening were found to be effective for persons with dementia suffering from depression [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic Autonomic Nervous Activity of Institutionalized Elders with Dementia

Fuji¹,

Tanioka²,

Yasuhara³

et al. 2016

OJPsych

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This study clarified the characteristic autonomic nervous activity of institutionalized elders diagnosed with dementia using Hasegawa's Dementia Scale-Revised. Twenty-six healthy adult persons (HPs) in their 20 s -40 s met the inclusion criteria, and 16 persons (27.6 ± 8.2 years old) completed the research procedure. Of 70 persons with dementia (PDs) residing at the one geriatric health services facilities, only 24 persons met the inclusion criteria, and only nine (N = 9, 83.44 ± 9.45 years old) completed the procedure. Actigraph and ambulatory electrocardiographic instruments measuring autonomic nervous activity were attached to the subjects for 24 hours. Activities and behaviors of PDs and HPs were observed by clinically experienced staff nurses and care workers. High frequency (HF) power indicating parasympathetic activity and LF/HF ratio indicating sympathetic activity were calculated. When awake, PDs' LF/HF ratio was significantly lower than HP's (Z = −2.60, p < 0.01), showing significant differences in the LF/HF ratios between waking and sleeping, more than those of the PDs (p < 0.001). Similarly, when awake, significant positive correlations were observed in the LF/HF ratio and actigraph activity count (AC) in 11 HPs and 3 PDs (range r = 0.17 to 0.49, p < 0.05); however, significant negative correlation was found in HF and AC of 12 HPs and 3 PDs (range r = −0.55 to −0.18, p < 0.05). While sleeping, significant positive correlations were observed in LF/HF and AC of 3 HPs and 1 PD (range r = 0.35 to 0.42, p < 0.05) and significant negative correlation was found in the HF and AC of 1 HP (r= −0.32, p < 0.001) and 1 PD (r = −0.32, p < 0.05). The mean value of LF/HF in a wakeful state was significantly lower for PDs than HPs. Combined results of behavioral observation, actigrapy and heart rate variability (HRV) analyses suggested that PDs showed positive correlations between LF/HF and AC in a wakeful state. Compared to those who showed no positive correlation, they did not require much nursing care.

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“…DPS has reported significant effects of the care environment on the rate of decline in AD and all-cause dementia. For example, participant engagement in more cognitively stimulating activities was associated with slower cognitive decline early in the course of AD (Treiber et al 2011), and a closer caregiver and care-recipient relationship was associated with slower cognitive and functional decline (Norton et al 2009b). In the latter analysis, caregiver-care recipient dyads with closer relationships showed approximately 0.7 – 1 point per year slower decline on the MMSE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging: Factors affecting risk of Alzheimer's disease and its progression after onset

Tschanz

Norton

Zandi

et al. 2013

International Review of Psychiatry

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The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging is a longitudinal, population-based study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. Initiated in 1995 and extending to 2013, the study has followed over 5,000 elderly residents of Cache County, Utah (USA) for over twelve years. Achieving a 90% participation rate at enrollment, and spawning two ancillary projects, the study has contributed to the literature on genetic, psychosocial and environmental risk factors for AD, late life cognitive decline, and the clinical progression of dementia after its onset. This paper describes the major study contributions to the literature on AD and dementia.

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Cognitive Stimulation and Cognitive and Functional Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study

Abstract: Active involvement in cognitively stimulating pursuits may be beneficial for persons with AD.

Cited by 63 publications

References 57 publications

Cognitive reserve and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease

Cognitive reserve and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease

Characteristic Autonomic Nervous Activity of Institutionalized Elders with Dementia

The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging: Factors affecting risk of Alzheimer's disease and its progression after onset

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