Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging using silicon photomultipliers

Allen, Christian H.; Hansson, Benjamin; Raiche-Tanner, Olivia; Murugkar, Sangeeta

doi:10.1364/ol.390050

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although lifetime measurements are intrinsically less sensitive to these affects then delayed fluorescence intensity, it is vital to ensure system is thermostatted and a temperature calibration curve is established to accurately acquire lifetime data in outdoor environments. Recently, SiPMs have shown promising results even when operating without cooling, in advanced multiphoton imaging applications [ 56 ]. These studies suggests that despite a higher background dark count compared to a PMT, the SiPM can achieve a high SNR without the need to integrate a cooling module.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SiPM-Enabled Portable Delayed Fluorescence Photon Counting Device: Climatic Plant Stress Biosensing

Pietro

Mermut

2022

Biosensors

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A portable and sensitive time-resolved biosensor for capturing very low intensity light emission is a promising avenue to study plant delayed fluorescence. These weak emissions provide insight on plant health and can be useful in plant science as well as in the development of accurate feedback indicators for plant growth and yield in applications of agricultural crop cultivation. A field-based delayed fluorescence device is also desirable to enable monitoring of plant stress response to climate change. Among basic techniques for the detection of rapidly fluctuating low intensity light is photon counting. Despite its vast utility, photon counting techniques often relying on photomultiplier tube (PMT) technology, having restricted use in agricultural and environment measurements of plant stress outside of the laboratory setting, mainly due to the prohibitive cost of the equipment, high voltage nature, and the complexity of its operation. However, recent development of the new generation solid-state silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) single photon avalanche diode array has enabled the availability of high quantum efficiency, easy-to-operate, compact, photon counting systems which are not constrained to sophisticated laboratories, and are accessible owing to their low-cost. In this contribution, we have conceived, fabricated and validated a novel SiPM-based photon counting device with integrated plug-and-play excitation LED, all housed inside a miniaturized sample chamber to record weak delayed fluorescence lifetime response from plant leaves subjected to varying temperature condition and drought stress. Findings from our device show that delayed fluorescence reports on the inactivation to the plant’s photosystem II function in response to unfavorable acute environmental heat and cold shock stress as well as chronic water deprivation. Results from our proof-of-concept miniaturized prototype demonstrate a new, simple and effective photon counting instrument is achieved, one which can be deployed in-field to rapidly and minimally invasively assess plant physiological growth and health based on rapid, ultra-weak delayed fluorescence measurements directly from a plant leaf.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SiPM-Enabled Portable Delayed Fluorescence Photon Counting Device: Climatic Plant Stress Biosensing

Pietro

Mermut

2022

Biosensors

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“…Previous studies demonstrated that SiPM showed very sim ilar functions in the visible wavelength range as compared to PMT in coherent antiStokes Raman scattering microscopy and twophoton fluorescence microscopy systems. [22,23] Whether SiPM can support highquality imaging in the NIRII region is unclear. The wavelength response range of NIRsensitive SiPM can cover the entire NIRI region, where many commercially available fluorescent probes such as IR780, IR820, IR800cw, and the clinically approved indocyanine green have their emis sion peaks; as well as in the NIRII region up to 1100 nm, where commercial probes described above have relatively strong tailing signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Based on a Silicon Photomultiplier for Multicolor In Vivo Imaging in Near‐Infrared Regions I and II

et al. 2022

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is expected to exhibit a better imaging performance in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) windows with weak tissue scattering and autofluorescence. However, the indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detectors currently used for imaging in the NIR‐II region are prohibitively expensive, hampering its extensive biomedical applications. In this study, a novel NIR‐II CLSM system is developed by using the inexpensive silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) that can perform the multicolor biological imaging in vivo. Using IR‐780 iodide as the contrast agent, the NIR‐II imaging capability of constructed CLSM is inspected, demonstrating a spatial resolution of 1.68 µm (close to the diffraction limit) and a fluorophore detection sensitivity as low as 100 nm. In particular, it is discovered that the multicolor imaging performance in both NIR‐I and NIR‐II windows is comparable to those from multialkali and InGaAs photomultiplier tubes. In addition, 3D NIR‐II CLSM is also conducted for in vivo imaging of the vascular structure in mouse ear and subcutaneous tumors. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a low‐cost detector based on a SiPM has been used for microscopic imaging of trailing fluorescence signals in the NIR‐II region of an NIR fluorescent probe.

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“…Recently, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology has attracted attention as a low-cost and high-performance alternative to conventional detectors in fluorescence microscopy. 14 , 15 Compared to PMTs, SiPMs are inexpensive, operate in direct light without damage, have higher quantum efficiency at red and NIR wavelengths, and have negligible excess noise. We evaluated SiPM detectors and determined that at higher imaging rates, they had superior sensitivity to conventional GaAsP PMTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed mosaic imaging using scanner-synchronized stage position sampling

et al. 2022

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. Significance: Two-photon and confocal microscopy can obtain high frame rates; however, mosaic imaging of large tissue specimens remains time-consuming and inefficient, with higher imaging rates leading to a larger fraction of time wasted translating between imaging locations. Strip scanning obtains faster mosaic imaging rates by translating a specimen at constant velocity through a line scanner at the expense of more complex stitching and geometric distortion due to the difficulty of translating at completely constant velocity. Aim: We aim to develop an approach to mosaic imaging that can obtain higher accuracy and faster imaging rates while reducing computational complexity. Approach: We introduce an approach based on scanner-synchronous position sampling that enables subwavelength accurate imaging of specimens moving at a nonuniform velocity, eliminating distortion. Results: We demonstrate that this approach increases mosaic imaging rates while reducing computational complexity, retaining high SNR, and retaining geometric accuracy. Conclusions: Scanner synchronous strip scanning enables accurate, high-speed mosaic imaging of large specimens by reducing acquisition and processing time.

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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging using silicon photomultipliers

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

A SiPM-Enabled Portable Delayed Fluorescence Photon Counting Device: Climatic Plant Stress Biosensing

A SiPM-Enabled Portable Delayed Fluorescence Photon Counting Device: Climatic Plant Stress Biosensing

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Based on a Silicon Photomultiplier for Multicolor In Vivo Imaging in Near‐Infrared Regions I and II

High-speed mosaic imaging using scanner-synchronized stage position sampling

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