Combined Effects of Temperature and Toxic Algal Abundance on Paralytic Shellfish Toxic Accumulation, Tissue Distribution and Elimination Dynamics in Mussels Mytilus coruscus

Abstract

This study assessed the impact of increasing seawater surface temperature (SST) and toxic algal abundance (TAA) on the accumulation, tissue distribution and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels. Mytilus coruscus were fed with the PSTs-producing dinoflagellate A. catenella under four simulated environment conditions. The maximum PSTs concentration was determined to be 3548 µg STX eq.kg−1, which was four times higher than the EU regulatory limit. The increasing SST caused a significant decline in PSTs levels in mussels with rapid elimination rates, whereas high TAA increased the PSTs concentration. As a result, the PSTs toxicity levels decreased under the combined condition. Additionally, toxin burdens were assessed within shellfish tissues, with the highest levels quantified in the hepatopancreas. It is noteworthy that the toxin burden shifted towards the mantle from gill, muscle and gonad at the 17th day. Moreover, variability of PSTs was measured, and was associated with changes in each environmental factor. Hence, this study primarily illustrates the combined effects of SST and TAA on PSTs toxicity, showing that increasing environmental temperature is of benefit to lower PSTs toxicity with rapid elimination rates.

Comparison of the Efficiency of Different Eradication Treatments to Minimize the Impacts Caused by the Invasive Tunicate Styela plicata in Mussel Aquaculture

“…The natural seawater was previously filtered through a sand filter and treated with UV light, and a total water exchange was performed daily in all trials. Animals were fed daily with a mixture of live (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Chaetoceros calcitrans) and frozen (Tetraselmis chuii) microalgae, at a concentration of ~100,000 cells/day/animal [34].…”

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals MAPK/AMPK as a Key Regulator of the Inflammatory Response in PST Detoxification in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians

“…A limited number of studies have shown that the ability to accumulate PSTs between M. galloprovincialis and A. irradians was significantly different. Some studies have shown that after exposure to A. catenella at a density of 5.6 × 10 6 cells/mL, the concentration of PSTs in Mytilus coruscus was 1864 µg/kg (the regular standard is 800 µg/kg) [38]. After exposure to A. tamarense at a density of 1.26 × 10 4 cells/mL, the concentration in A. irradians was 49.4 MU/g (the regular standard is 4 MU/g) [39].…”

Paralytic Shellfish Profiles Produced by the Toxic Dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense from Sepanggar Bay, Malaysia

“…The cellular toxin content of P. bahamense might increase with a lower growth rate and remains unaffected by different growth conditions (Usup et al, 2012). Microalgae release toxins in the water body and toxicity levels of shellfish are affected by the abundance and duration of exposure to the toxic microalgae (Tang et al, 2021). In this study, a post-column oxidation HPLC-FLD method was performed according to Oshima (1995) to analyse the toxin level and profile of P. bahamense at different culture ages (60, 120, 180, and 360 days) after the death phase to see how long the toxin can be sustained and bloom according to the AOAC Official Method 2011.02 (AOAC International, 2011).…”