Comparative study of the mechanical and tribological properties of a Hadfield and a Fermanal steel

Abstract

In this study, Fe-12.50Mn-1.10C-1.70Cr-0.40Mo-0.40Si-0.50(max)P-0.50(max)S (Hadfield alloy) and Fe-28.4Mn-0.86C-1.63Al-0.42Cu-1.80Mo-1.59Si-0.60W (Fermanal alloy) (Wt. %) in the aged condition were compared in terms of its tribological and microstructural properties. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were refined with the lines of the austenitic γ -phase, Chromium Iron Carbide (Cr 2 Fe 14 C), Iron Carbide (Fe 2 C), and Iron Oxide (Fe 0.974 O (II)) for the Hadfield alloy, and the lines of the austenitic γphase, martensite (M), Mn 1.1 Al 0.9 phase and iron carbide (Fe 7 C 3 ) for the Fermanal alloy. Mössbauer spectra were fit with two sites for the Hadfield alloy, which displayed as a broad singlet because of the austenitic disordered phase, and had a magnetic hyperfine field distribution, which corresponds to the Cr 2 Fe 14 C ferromagnetic carbides found by XRD. There were two paramagnetic sites, a singlet, which corresponds to the austenite disordered phase, and a doublet, which can be attributed to the Fe 7 C 3 carbide. The obtained Rockwell C hardness for aged Hadfield and Fermanal alloys were 43.786 and 50.018 HRc, respectively.

Casting properties of ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel modified with Mn-alloying and titanium ladle treatment

“…However, twinning, which greatly depends on grain size, is the main secondary deformation mechanism in face-centered cubic (FCC) austenitic manganese steels besides dislocation slip [24] . Due to the twinning effect being more active in greater grain size [18,25] , Charpy impact energy for the alloy with 0.05wt.% Ti decreases 9% in comparation to ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel.…”

“…Immediately afterwards, due to thermal convection, primary TiC particles diffuse through the molten steel where the temperature is high, allowing diffusion of nitrogen atoms. Meanwhile, the transformation of TiC particles into Ti(CN) particles takes place [18] . The lattice type of titanium is hexagonal closed packed and can form stable compounds with nitrogen, oxygen and carbon [4,19] .…”

Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review

“…The main wear mechanisms were described as microcutting and microploughing, and a transition from microploughing to microcutting occurred as the normal load was increased. The SFE could be a more general parameter to characterize the wear resistance in austenitic steels [215][216][217]. and AISI 316L stainless steel (the bars correspond to the interval of confidence at 95%) [214].…”

Microstructural Analysis and Tribology Behavior of a Medium-Mn Steel with Mo

“…Manganese austenitic steels, also known as Hadfield steels, are among the ferrous alloys most used under severe wear conditions in the presence of impacts at low temperatures. There are numerous works evaluating the properties of these types of steel [1][2][3][4], the transformation phenomenon of retained austenite in martensite [5][6][7], and the influence of the service deformation processes on the properties and microstructure [8][9][10]. However, these steels suffer accelerated wear when the working temperature is above 100 • C due to carbide precipitation and subsequent loss of hardness.…”