Comparison of two strategies for use of translaminar and contact fungicide in the control of potato late blight in the highland tropics of Ecuador

Use of the Environmental Impact Quotient to Estimate Health and Environmental Impacts of Pesticide Usage in Peruvian and Ecuadorian Potato Production

“…Under general production practices, these things are not usually measured precisely and a particular component of the dosage estimation may vary greatly among farmers. For example, one study in Ecuador demonstrated that volumes of pesticide applied per ha per application ranged from 300 to over 900 L depending on spray equipment [29]. The published documents from the surveys we studied do not permit us to identify possible factors that may have affected estimates of dosage in either Ecuador or Peru, but the study does highlight the need to verify the accuracy of dosage data taken in future surveys.…”

“…comm.) and hence some overestimation in applicator exposure may occur in higher income countries, or even underestimation in developing countries where use of protective clothing is rare [4,29]. Greater bystander exposure might also be expected in lower and middle income countries where separation of agricultural operations and home life is less clear.…”

Resistance to metalaxyl-M and cymoxanil in a dominant clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans in Huánuco, Peru, an area of continuous potato production

“…Based on 1998-1999 surveys, the combination of metalaxyl with a contact fungicide was reported as one of the most frequently used potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight fungicides in Morochata (Bolivia), Bolivar (Ecuador) and Cajamarca, Huaraz and Cuzco (Peru) (O. Ortiz, personal communication). Recent surveys carried out in Carchi (Ecuador) indicated that metalaxyl combined with mancozeb, was the third most commonly used among late blight fungicides (Kromann et al 2008). Peruvian farmers from La Libertad and La Encañada, where disease pressure is moderate, indicated that metalaxyl-M-containing products were the most commonly used fungicides for control of potato late blight (L. Maldonado, personal communication).…”

“…The translaminar fungicide, cymoxanil, is also commonly used for potato late blight control in Peru and Ecuador (Kromann et al 2008). In areas of high late blight pressure, cymoxanil is frequently the most commonly used of the translaminar and systemic fungicides (Kromann et al 2008).…”

“…In areas of high late blight pressure, cymoxanil is frequently the most commonly used of the translaminar and systemic fungicides (Kromann et al 2008). Cymoxanil is sold throughout the Andes in a number of different mixtures, which always contain at least one contact fungicide, such as mancozeb.…”