Abstract:BackgroundIn our previous study, Citrobacter werkmanii BF-6 was isolated from an industrial spoilage sample and demonstrated an excellent ability to form biofilms, which could be affected by various environmental factors. However, the genome sequence of this organism has not been reported so far.ResultsWe report the complete genome sequence of C. werkmanii BF-6 together with the description of the genome features and its annotation. The size of the complete chromosome is 4,929,789 bp with an average coverage o… Show more
“…This study examined the expression of six biofilm-related genes as well as slt-II and viaB , based on the primers listed in Table 4 , which were derived from earlier studies [ 81 , 85 , 114 , 115 ]. The genes bsmA , bssR , bssS and csgD were reported to contribute to planktonic and biofilm growth in Citrobacter werkmanii BF6 [ 114 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The genes bsmA, bssR, bssS and csgD were reported to contribute to planktonic and biofilm growth in Citrobacter werkmanii BF6 [114]. The genes tabA and hmsP were identified as biofilm related in a subsequent study on the same organism [115]. The gene bsmA (biofilm stress and motility) or biofilm peroxide resistance protein, known as yjfO in E. coli, is upregulated during biofilm growth [116] Mutant analysis revealed roles in microcolony formation, flagellar motility as well as resistance to acid and peroxide stresses [116].…”
Section: Polymer Adhesion and Gene Expressionmentioning
Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes—biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)—and two virulence factors—Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)—was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a >2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a >2-fold, and on polypropylene a >6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.
“…This study examined the expression of six biofilm-related genes as well as slt-II and viaB , based on the primers listed in Table 4 , which were derived from earlier studies [ 81 , 85 , 114 , 115 ]. The genes bsmA , bssR , bssS and csgD were reported to contribute to planktonic and biofilm growth in Citrobacter werkmanii BF6 [ 114 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The genes bsmA, bssR, bssS and csgD were reported to contribute to planktonic and biofilm growth in Citrobacter werkmanii BF6 [114]. The genes tabA and hmsP were identified as biofilm related in a subsequent study on the same organism [115]. The gene bsmA (biofilm stress and motility) or biofilm peroxide resistance protein, known as yjfO in E. coli, is upregulated during biofilm growth [116] Mutant analysis revealed roles in microcolony formation, flagellar motility as well as resistance to acid and peroxide stresses [116].…”
Section: Polymer Adhesion and Gene Expressionmentioning
Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes—biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)—and two virulence factors—Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)—was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a >2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a >2-fold, and on polypropylene a >6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.
“…The results showed that deletion of hutZ Ep led to a substantial decrease in the thickness and density of the biofilm during biofilm formation compared to those of the parental strain (Figure 7C). To explore whether hutZ Ep was directly related to E. piscicida biofilm formation, the expression of several biofilm-related genes, such as bsmA , bssS , hmsP , and csgD [43], was investigated by RT-qPCR, and the results showed that the expression of these biofilm-related genes remained unchanged when hutZ Ep was deleted (data not shown). These findings indicated that HutZ Ep directly participates in biofilm growth and is probably a novel biofilm-related factor.Figure 7 Effects of hutZ Ep mutation on biofilm growth.…”
Edwardsiella piscicida is a severe fish pathogen. Haem utilization systems play an important role in bacterial adversity adaptation and pathogenicity. In this study, a speculative haem utilization protein, HutZ Ep , was characterized in E. piscicida. hutZ Ep is encoded with two other genes, hutW and hutX, in an operon that is similar to the haem utilization operon hutWXZ identified in V. cholerae. However, protein activity analysis showed that HutZ Ep is probably not related to hemin utilization. To explore the biological role of HutZ Ep , a markerless hutZ Ep in-frame mutant strain, TX01ΔhutZ, was constructed. Deletion of hutZ Ep did not significantly affect bacterial growth in normal medium, in iron-deficient conditions, or in the presence of haem but significantly retarded bacterial biofilm growth. The expression of known genes related to biofilm growth was not affected by hutZ Ep deletion, which indicated that HutZ Ep was probably a novel factor promoting biofilm formation in E. piscicida. Compared to the wild-type TX01, TX01ΔhutZ exhibited markedly compromised tolerance to acid stress and host serum stress. Pathogenicity analysis showed that inactivation of hutZ Ep significantly impaired the ability of E. piscicida to invade and reproduce in host cells and to infect host tissue. In contrast to TX01, TX01ΔhutZ was defective in blocking host macrophage activation. The expression of hutZ Ep was directly regulated by the ferric uptake regulator Fur. This study is the first functional characterization of HutZ in a fish pathogen, and these findings suggested that HutZ Ep is essential for E. piscicida biofilm formation and contributes to host infection.
“…The Citrobacter species belong to the domain Bacteria [ 1 ], the phylum Proteobacteria [ 2 ], the class Gammaproteobacteria [ 3 ], the order Enterobacteria [ 4 ], the Enterobacteriaceae family [ 5 ] and Citrobacter genus [ 6 ], and was introduced in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen [ 7 ]. The Citrobacter genus typically utilizes citric acid as the primary carbon source [ 8 , 9 ].…”
Background
In our previous study, Citrobacter sp. XT1-2-2 was isolated from high cadmium-contaminated soils, and demonstrated an excellent ability to decrease the bioavailability of cadmium in the soil and inhibit cadmium uptake in rice. In addition, the strain XT1-2-2 could significantly promote rice growth and increase rice biomass. Therefore, the strain XT1-2-2 shows great potential for remediation of cadmium -contaminated soils. However, the genome sequence of this organism has not been reported so far.
Results
Here the basic characteristics and genetic diversity of the strain XT1-2-2 were described, together with the draft genome and comparative genomic results. The strain XT1-2-2 is 5040459 bp long with an average G + C content of 52.09%, and contains a total of 4801 genes. Putative genomic islands were predicted in the genome of Citrobacter sp. XT1-2-2. All genes of a complete set of sulfate reduction pathway and various putative heavy metal resistance genes in the genome were identified and analyzed.
Conclusions
These analytical results provide insights into the genomic basis of microbial immobilization of heavy metals.
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